PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Expression of neutrophil extracellular trap-related proteins and its correlation with IL-17 and TNF-α in patients with oral lichen planus
items: Nervous system guides behavioral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans
items: New insights into the Devonian sea spiders of the Hunsrück Slate (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)
items: Predicting maintenance lithium response for bipolar disorder from electronic health records—a retrospective study
items: Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted debittering of Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant activity
items: Effect of environmental DNA sampling resolution in detecting nearshore fish biodiversity compared to capture surveys
items: Saliva as a diagnostic tool in soccer: a scoping review
items: Evaluation of shaping ability, apical transportation and centering ratio of T-Endo Must, WaveOne Gold, and Trunatomy in resin blocks
items: Wind energy and insects: reviewing the state of knowledge and identifying potential interactions
items: The effects of resistance training to near volitional failure on motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular fatigue

Expression of neutrophil extracellular trap-related proteins and its correlation with IL-17 and TNF-α in patients with oral lichen planus
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) stimulated by interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). However, the level and role of NETs in oral lichen planus (OLP) remain poorly understood. Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of NETs in OLP and explore the correlation between NETs and the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α. Methods The expression and distribution of NET-related proteins in tissue samples from each group were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence (IF). Additionally, the expression of NET-related proteins in peripheral blood samples from each group was evaluated using cell IF technique and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The relative formation level of NETs in each group was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry via plasma co-culture. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α in plasma and culture supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results NET-related proteins were located in the subepithelial and lamina propria layers of OLP lesions. OLP had significantly higher expression of NET-related proteins in lesion tissues and peripheral blood compared to the healthy control (HC) group (p < 0.05). The rate of NETs formation in the erosive-stage OLP (EOLP) group was significantly higher than that in the HC group (p < 0.05), in contrast, no significant increase was observed in the non-erosive OLP (NEOLP) group (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α in the EOLP group were significantly elevated compared to those in the NEOLP group and HC group (p < 0.05), while the levels in the NEOLP group did not significantly differ from those in the HC group (p > 0.05). The rate of NETs formation showed a positive correlation with the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α in plasma. Conclusion The expression of NET-related proteins was upregulated in OLP lesion tissues and peripheral…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Juehua Cheng
creator: Chenyu Zhou
creator: Jia Liu
creator: Yanlin Geng
creator: Lin Liu
creator: Yuan Fan
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Dentistry
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18260
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Cheng et al.
abstract: Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) stimulated by interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). However, the level and role of NETs in oral lichen planus (OLP) remain poorly understood. Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of NETs in OLP and explore the correlation between NETs and the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α. Methods The expression and distribution of NET-related proteins in tissue samples from each group were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence (IF). Additionally, the expression of NET-related proteins in peripheral blood samples from each group was evaluated using cell IF technique and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The relative formation level of NETs in each group was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry via plasma co-culture. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α in plasma and culture supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results NET-related proteins were located in the subepithelial and lamina propria layers of OLP lesions. OLP had significantly higher expression of NET-related proteins in lesion tissues and peripheral blood compared to the healthy control (HC) group (p < 0.05). The rate of NETs formation in the erosive-stage OLP (EOLP) group was significantly higher than that in the HC group (p < 0.05), in contrast, no significant increase was observed in the non-erosive OLP (NEOLP) group (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α in the EOLP group were significantly elevated compared to those in the NEOLP group and HC group (p < 0.05), while the levels in the NEOLP group did not significantly differ from those in the HC group (p > 0.05). The rate of NETs formation showed a positive correlation with the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α in plasma. Conclusion The expression of NET-related proteins was upregulated in OLP lesion tissues and peripheral…
bibliographic citation: Cheng et al. (2024) Expression of neutrophil extracellular trap-related proteins and its correlation with IL-17 and TNF-α in patients with oral lichen planus. PeerJ 12:e18260 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18260
date submitted: 2024-06-17
date accepted: 2024-09-17
issued: 2024-10-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Cheng
  given name: Juehua
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Chenyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Jia
author list: Agent
  family name: Geng
  given name: Yanlin
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Lin
author list: Agent
  family name: Fan
  given name: Yuan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18260
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-15
copyright: © 2024 Cheng et al.
attribution name: Cheng et al.

Nervous system guides behavioral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Caenorhabditis elegans is a versatile model organism for exploring complex biological systems. Microbes and the external environment can affect the nervous system and drive behavioral changes in C. elegans. For better survival, C. elegans may develop behavioral immunity to avoid potential environmental pathogens. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this avoidance behavior are not fully understood. The dissection of sensorimotor circuits in behavioral immunity may promote advancements in research on the neuronal connectome in uncovering neuronal regulators of behavioral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the nervous system coordinates behavioral immunity by translating various pathogen-derived cues and physiological damage to motor output in response to pathogenic threats in C. elegans. This understanding may provide insights into the fundamental principles of immune strategies that can be applied across species and potentially contribute to the development of novel therapies for immune-related diseases.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Yu Wang
creator: Xuehong Sun
creator: Lixiang Feng
creator: Kui Zhang
creator: Wenxing Yang
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Microbiology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Immunology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18289
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Wang et al.
abstract: Caenorhabditis elegans is a versatile model organism for exploring complex biological systems. Microbes and the external environment can affect the nervous system and drive behavioral changes in C. elegans. For better survival, C. elegans may develop behavioral immunity to avoid potential environmental pathogens. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this avoidance behavior are not fully understood. The dissection of sensorimotor circuits in behavioral immunity may promote advancements in research on the neuronal connectome in uncovering neuronal regulators of behavioral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the nervous system coordinates behavioral immunity by translating various pathogen-derived cues and physiological damage to motor output in response to pathogenic threats in C. elegans. This understanding may provide insights into the fundamental principles of immune strategies that can be applied across species and potentially contribute to the development of novel therapies for immune-related diseases.
bibliographic citation: Wang et al. (2024) Nervous system guides behavioral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PeerJ 12:e18289 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18289
date submitted: 2024-05-02
date accepted: 2024-09-20
issued: 2024-10-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Yu
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Xuehong
author list: Agent
  family name: Feng
  given name: Lixiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Kui
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Wenxing
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18289
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-15
copyright: © 2024 Wang et al.
attribution name: Wang et al.

New insights into the Devonian sea spiders of the Hunsrück Slate (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The sea spiders (Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810) of the Hunsrück Slate (Lower Devonian, ~400 million years ago) are iconic in their abundance, exquisite pyritic preservation, and in their distinctive body plan compared to extant sea spiders (Pantopoda Gerstäcker, 1863). Consequently, the Hunsrück sea spiders are important in understanding the deep evolutionary history of Pycnogonida, yet they remain poorly characterised, impacting upon attempts to establish a time-calibrated phylogeny of sea spiders. Methods Here, we investigated previously described and new material representing four of the five Hunsrück pycnogonids: Flagellopantopus blocki Poschmann & Dunlop, 2006; Palaeoisopus problematicus Broili, 1928; Palaeopantopus maucheri Broili, 1929; and Pentapantopus vogteli Kühl, Poschmann & Rust, 2013; as well as a few unidentified specimens. Using X-ray microtomography and Reflectance Transformation Imaging, we describe new fossils, provide evidence for newly revealed anatomical features, and interpret these data in comparison to extant species. We also reinterpret the previously published illustration of the (probably lost) holotype of Palaeothea devonica Bergström, Stürmer & Winter, 1980. Results We provide the first detailed description of the cephalic appendages of Palaeoisopus problematicus and revise the interpretation of the organisation of its ocular tubercle. Furthermore, we provide new insights into the structure of the legs and the proboscis of Palaeopantopus maucheri, the first description of the body of Flagellopantopus blocki and describe a new specimen of Pentapantopus vogteli, demonstrating that it had eight legs, in contrast to previous interpretations. We argue that, contrary to previous suggestions, Palaeothea devonica probably had a different body plan from extant pantopods. We discuss the ecological traits of the Hunsrück pycnogonids based on their morphological adaptations, and conclude that there is no compelling evidence of Pantopoda in…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Romain Sabroux
creator: Russell J. Garwood
creator: Davide Pisani
creator: Philip C. J. Donoghue
creator: Gregory D. Edgecombe
subject: Paleontology
subject: Taxonomy
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.17766
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Sabroux et al.
abstract: Background The sea spiders (Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810) of the Hunsrück Slate (Lower Devonian, ~400 million years ago) are iconic in their abundance, exquisite pyritic preservation, and in their distinctive body plan compared to extant sea spiders (Pantopoda Gerstäcker, 1863). Consequently, the Hunsrück sea spiders are important in understanding the deep evolutionary history of Pycnogonida, yet they remain poorly characterised, impacting upon attempts to establish a time-calibrated phylogeny of sea spiders. Methods Here, we investigated previously described and new material representing four of the five Hunsrück pycnogonids: Flagellopantopus blocki Poschmann & Dunlop, 2006; Palaeoisopus problematicus Broili, 1928; Palaeopantopus maucheri Broili, 1929; and Pentapantopus vogteli Kühl, Poschmann & Rust, 2013; as well as a few unidentified specimens. Using X-ray microtomography and Reflectance Transformation Imaging, we describe new fossils, provide evidence for newly revealed anatomical features, and interpret these data in comparison to extant species. We also reinterpret the previously published illustration of the (probably lost) holotype of Palaeothea devonica Bergström, Stürmer & Winter, 1980. Results We provide the first detailed description of the cephalic appendages of Palaeoisopus problematicus and revise the interpretation of the organisation of its ocular tubercle. Furthermore, we provide new insights into the structure of the legs and the proboscis of Palaeopantopus maucheri, the first description of the body of Flagellopantopus blocki and describe a new specimen of Pentapantopus vogteli, demonstrating that it had eight legs, in contrast to previous interpretations. We argue that, contrary to previous suggestions, Palaeothea devonica probably had a different body plan from extant pantopods. We discuss the ecological traits of the Hunsrück pycnogonids based on their morphological adaptations, and conclude that there is no compelling evidence of Pantopoda in…
bibliographic citation: Sabroux et al. (2024) New insights into the Devonian sea spiders of the Hunsrück Slate (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida). PeerJ 12:e17766 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17766
date submitted: 2024-03-03
date accepted: 2024-06-26
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Sabroux
  given name: Romain
author list: Agent
  family name: Garwood
  given name: Russell J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Pisani
  given name: Davide
author list: Agent
  family name: Donoghue
  given name: Philip C. J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Edgecombe
  given name: Gregory D.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17766
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: © 2024 Sabroux et al.
attribution name: Sabroux et al.

Predicting maintenance lithium response for bipolar disorder from electronic health records—a retrospective study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Optimising maintenance drug treatment selection for people with bipolar disorder is challenging. There is some evidence that clinical and demographic features may predict response to lithium. However, attempts to personalise treatment choice have been limited. Method We aimed to determine if machine learning methods applied to electronic health records could predict differential response to lithium or olanzapine. From electronic United Kingdom primary care records, we extracted a cohort of individuals prescribed either lithium (19,106 individuals) or olanzapine (12,412) monotherapy. Machine learning models were used to predict successful monotherapy maintenance treatment, using 113 clinical and demographic variables, 8,017 (41.96%) lithium responders and 3,831 (30.87%) olanzapine responders. Results We found a quantitative structural difference in that lithium maintenance responders were weakly predictable in our holdout sample, consisting of the 5% of patients with the most recent exposure. Age at first diagnosis, age at first treatment and the time between these were the most important variables in all models. Discussion Even if we failed to predict successful monotherapy olanzapine treatment, and so to definitively separate lithium vs. olanzapine responders, the characterization of the two groups may be used for classification by proxy. This can, in turn, be useful for establishing maintenance therapy. The further exploration of machine learning methods on EHR data for drug treatment selection could in the future play a role for clinical decision support. Signals in the data encourage further experiments with larger datasets to definitively separate lithium vs. olanzapine responders.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Joseph F. Hayes
creator: Fehmi Ben Abdesslem
creator: Sandra Eloranta
creator: David P. J. Osborn
creator: Magnus Boman
subject: Epidemiology
subject: Neurology
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Mental Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.17841
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Hayes et al.
abstract: Background Optimising maintenance drug treatment selection for people with bipolar disorder is challenging. There is some evidence that clinical and demographic features may predict response to lithium. However, attempts to personalise treatment choice have been limited. Method We aimed to determine if machine learning methods applied to electronic health records could predict differential response to lithium or olanzapine. From electronic United Kingdom primary care records, we extracted a cohort of individuals prescribed either lithium (19,106 individuals) or olanzapine (12,412) monotherapy. Machine learning models were used to predict successful monotherapy maintenance treatment, using 113 clinical and demographic variables, 8,017 (41.96%) lithium responders and 3,831 (30.87%) olanzapine responders. Results We found a quantitative structural difference in that lithium maintenance responders were weakly predictable in our holdout sample, consisting of the 5% of patients with the most recent exposure. Age at first diagnosis, age at first treatment and the time between these were the most important variables in all models. Discussion Even if we failed to predict successful monotherapy olanzapine treatment, and so to definitively separate lithium vs. olanzapine responders, the characterization of the two groups may be used for classification by proxy. This can, in turn, be useful for establishing maintenance therapy. The further exploration of machine learning methods on EHR data for drug treatment selection could in the future play a role for clinical decision support. Signals in the data encourage further experiments with larger datasets to definitively separate lithium vs. olanzapine responders.
bibliographic citation: Hayes et al. (2024) Predicting maintenance lithium response for bipolar disorder from electronic health records—a retrospective study. PeerJ 12:e17841 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17841
date submitted: 2023-10-30
date accepted: 2024-07-10
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Hayes
  given name: Joseph F.
author list: Agent
  family name: Ben Abdesslem
  given name: Fehmi
author list: Agent
  family name: Eloranta
  given name: Sandra
author list: Agent
  family name: Osborn
  given name: David P. J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Boman
  given name: Magnus
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17841
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: © 2024 Hayes et al.
attribution name: Hayes et al.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted debittering of Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant activity
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has gained increasing attention as a potential health care product and food source. However, the bitter taste of G. lucidum has limited its development and utilization for the food industry. Methonds The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the inclusion conditions for the debittering of G. lucidum. The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin concentration (12–14 g/mL), ultrasound temperature (20–40 °C and host—guest ratio (1:1–2:1) on response variables were studied. The physical characteristics of inclusion complexes prepared through spray drying and freeze drying were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the different treated samples was subsequently investigated. Results Study results showed that, in comparison to the control group, the inclusion solution displayed a significantly enhanced taste profile under optimal processing conditions, exhibiting an 80.74% reduction in bitterness value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies indicated the successful formation of inclusion compounds. The moisture content and bulk density of spray-dried powder were found to be significantly superior to those of freeze-dried powder (p < 0.05). In comparison to the diluted solution, the inclusion liquid demonstrated a 20.27%, 30.01% and 36.55% increase in ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging respectively. Further, the DPPH clearance of microencapsulated powder was not significantly different from that of tocopherol at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. Conclusions In summary, the study provides theoretical basis and methodological guidance to eliminate the bitterness of G. lucidum, and therefore provide potential options to the use of G. lucidum as a food source.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Shuting Chen
creator: Shiying Song
creator: Yumei Tan
creator: Shengling He
creator: Xiyi Ren
creator: Zhu Li
creator: Yongxiang Liu
subject: Bioengineering
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Food Science and Technology
subject: Nutrition
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.17943
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Chen et al.
abstract: Background Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has gained increasing attention as a potential health care product and food source. However, the bitter taste of G. lucidum has limited its development and utilization for the food industry. Methonds The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the inclusion conditions for the debittering of G. lucidum. The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin concentration (12–14 g/mL), ultrasound temperature (20–40 °C and host—guest ratio (1:1–2:1) on response variables were studied. The physical characteristics of inclusion complexes prepared through spray drying and freeze drying were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the different treated samples was subsequently investigated. Results Study results showed that, in comparison to the control group, the inclusion solution displayed a significantly enhanced taste profile under optimal processing conditions, exhibiting an 80.74% reduction in bitterness value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies indicated the successful formation of inclusion compounds. The moisture content and bulk density of spray-dried powder were found to be significantly superior to those of freeze-dried powder (p < 0.05). In comparison to the diluted solution, the inclusion liquid demonstrated a 20.27%, 30.01% and 36.55% increase in ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging respectively. Further, the DPPH clearance of microencapsulated powder was not significantly different from that of tocopherol at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. Conclusions In summary, the study provides theoretical basis and methodological guidance to eliminate the bitterness of G. lucidum, and therefore provide potential options to the use of G. lucidum as a food source.
bibliographic citation: Chen et al. (2024) Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted debittering of Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant activity. PeerJ 12:e17943 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17943
date submitted: 2024-05-06
date accepted: 2024-07-29
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Shuting
author list: Agent
  family name: Song
  given name: Shiying
author list: Agent
  family name: Tan
  given name: Yumei
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Shengling
author list: Agent
  family name: Ren
  given name: Xiyi
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Zhu
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Yongxiang
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17943
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: ©2024 Chen et al.
attribution name: Chen et al.

Effect of environmental DNA sampling resolution in detecting nearshore fish biodiversity compared to capture surveys
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Sampling and sequencing marine environmental DNA (eDNA) provides a tool that can increase our ability to monitor biodiversity, but movement and mixing of eDNA after release from organisms before collection could affect our inference of species distributions. To assess how conditions at differing spatial scales influence the inferred species richness and compositional turnover, we conducted a paired eDNA metabarcoding and capture (beach seining) survey of fishes on the coast of British Columbia. We found more taxa were typically detected using eDNA compared to beach seining. eDNA identified more taxa with alternative habitat preferences, and this richness difference was greater in areas of high seawater movement, suggesting eDNA has a larger spatial grain influenced by water motion. By contrast, we found that eDNA consistently missed low biomass species present in seining surveys. Spatial turnover of communities surveyed using beach seining differed from that of the eDNA and was better explained by factors that vary at small (10–1000s meters) spatial scales. Specifically, vegetation cover and shoreline exposure explained most species turnover from seining, while eDNA turnover was not explained by those factors and showed a distance decay pattern (a change from 10% to 25% similarity from 2 km to 10 km of distance), suggesting unmeasured environmental variation at larger scales drives its turnover. Our findings indicate that the eDNA sample grain is larger than that of capture surveys. Whereas seining can detect differences in fish distributions at scales of 10s–100s of meters, eDNA can best summarize fish biodiversity at larger scales possibly more relevant to regional biodiversity assessments.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ben Millard-Martin
creator: Kate Sheridan
creator: Evan Morien
creator: Matthew A. Lemay
creator: Margot Hessing-Lewis
creator: Rute B.G. Clemente-Carvalho
creator: Jennifer M. Sunday
subject: Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Ecology
subject: Genetics
subject: Marine Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.17967
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Millard-Martin et al.
abstract: Sampling and sequencing marine environmental DNA (eDNA) provides a tool that can increase our ability to monitor biodiversity, but movement and mixing of eDNA after release from organisms before collection could affect our inference of species distributions. To assess how conditions at differing spatial scales influence the inferred species richness and compositional turnover, we conducted a paired eDNA metabarcoding and capture (beach seining) survey of fishes on the coast of British Columbia. We found more taxa were typically detected using eDNA compared to beach seining. eDNA identified more taxa with alternative habitat preferences, and this richness difference was greater in areas of high seawater movement, suggesting eDNA has a larger spatial grain influenced by water motion. By contrast, we found that eDNA consistently missed low biomass species present in seining surveys. Spatial turnover of communities surveyed using beach seining differed from that of the eDNA and was better explained by factors that vary at small (10–1000s meters) spatial scales. Specifically, vegetation cover and shoreline exposure explained most species turnover from seining, while eDNA turnover was not explained by those factors and showed a distance decay pattern (a change from 10% to 25% similarity from 2 km to 10 km of distance), suggesting unmeasured environmental variation at larger scales drives its turnover. Our findings indicate that the eDNA sample grain is larger than that of capture surveys. Whereas seining can detect differences in fish distributions at scales of 10s–100s of meters, eDNA can best summarize fish biodiversity at larger scales possibly more relevant to regional biodiversity assessments.
bibliographic citation: Millard-Martin et al. (2024) Effect of environmental DNA sampling resolution in detecting nearshore fish biodiversity compared to capture surveys. PeerJ 12:e17967 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17967
date submitted: 2024-03-25
date accepted: 2024-08-02
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Millard-Martin
  given name: Ben
author list: Agent
  family name: Sheridan
  given name: Kate
author list: Agent
  family name: Morien
  given name: Evan
author list: Agent
  family name: Lemay
  given name: Matthew A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hessing-Lewis
  given name: Margot
author list: Agent
  family name: Clemente-Carvalho
  given name: Rute B.G.
author list: Agent
  family name: Sunday
  given name: Jennifer M.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17967
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: ©2024 Millard-Martin et al.
attribution name: Millard-Martin et al.

Saliva as a diagnostic tool in soccer: a scoping review
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background A high-performance sport like soccer requires training strategies that aim to reach peak performance at the right time for the desired competitions. Thus, the investigation of biochemical markers in saliva is a tool that is beginning to be used in athletes within the physical training process. There is still no evidence on universal saliva collection and analysis protocols in soccer. This review aims to map the use of saliva as a tool for analyzing athletic performance in soccer, from the biomarkers used to the validated protocols for these analyses. Methods A broad systematic literature search was carried out in the electronic databases Web of Science, Livivo, Scopus, PubMed, LILACS and gray literature (Google Scholar and ProQuest). Two reviewers selected the studies and extracted data on the type of salivary collection used, the salivary biomarker evaluated and monitored. Results Ninety-three articles were included. The most frequently analyzed salivary biomarkers were cortisol (n = 53), testosterone (n = 35), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) (n = 33), salivary alpha amylase (n = 7), genetic polymorphisms (n = 4) and miRNAs (n = 2). The results of the studies indicated beneficial effects in monitoring salivary biomarkers in the assessment of sports performance, although most studies did not include a control group capable of comparison. Salivary collection and analysis protocols were varied and commonly not reported. Conclusions This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of salivary biomarker research in soccer. The findings underscore the importance of these biomarkers in assessing athletes’ physiological responses and overall well-being. Future research should focus on refining methodologies, exploring additional biomarkers, and investigating the practical implications of salivary biomarker monitoring in soccer and other sports.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Joyce Ferreira
creator: Manuel Jimenez
creator: Agatha Cerqueira
creator: Joana Rodrigues da Silva
creator: Bruno Souza
creator: Lucas Berard
creator: Andre L.L. Bachi
creator: Naile Dame-Teixeira
creator: Neide Coto
creator: Debora Heller
subject: Dentistry
subject: Sports Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18032
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Ferreira et al.
abstract: Background A high-performance sport like soccer requires training strategies that aim to reach peak performance at the right time for the desired competitions. Thus, the investigation of biochemical markers in saliva is a tool that is beginning to be used in athletes within the physical training process. There is still no evidence on universal saliva collection and analysis protocols in soccer. This review aims to map the use of saliva as a tool for analyzing athletic performance in soccer, from the biomarkers used to the validated protocols for these analyses. Methods A broad systematic literature search was carried out in the electronic databases Web of Science, Livivo, Scopus, PubMed, LILACS and gray literature (Google Scholar and ProQuest). Two reviewers selected the studies and extracted data on the type of salivary collection used, the salivary biomarker evaluated and monitored. Results Ninety-three articles were included. The most frequently analyzed salivary biomarkers were cortisol (n = 53), testosterone (n = 35), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) (n = 33), salivary alpha amylase (n = 7), genetic polymorphisms (n = 4) and miRNAs (n = 2). The results of the studies indicated beneficial effects in monitoring salivary biomarkers in the assessment of sports performance, although most studies did not include a control group capable of comparison. Salivary collection and analysis protocols were varied and commonly not reported. Conclusions This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of salivary biomarker research in soccer. The findings underscore the importance of these biomarkers in assessing athletes’ physiological responses and overall well-being. Future research should focus on refining methodologies, exploring additional biomarkers, and investigating the practical implications of salivary biomarker monitoring in soccer and other sports.
bibliographic citation: Ferreira et al. (2024) Saliva as a diagnostic tool in soccer: a scoping review. PeerJ 12:e18032 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18032
date submitted: 2024-04-15
date accepted: 2024-08-12
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ferreira
  given name: Joyce
author list: Agent
  family name: Jimenez
  given name: Manuel
author list: Agent
  family name: Cerqueira
  given name: Agatha
author list: Agent
  family name: Rodrigues da Silva
  given name: Joana
author list: Agent
  family name: Souza
  given name: Bruno
author list: Agent
  family name: Berard
  given name: Lucas
author list: Agent
  family name: Bachi
  given name: Andre L.L.
author list: Agent
  family name: Dame-Teixeira
  given name: Naile
author list: Agent
  family name: Coto
  given name: Neide
author list: Agent
  family name: Heller
  given name: Debora
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18032
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: ©2024 Ferreira et al.
attribution name: Ferreira et al.

Evaluation of shaping ability, apical transportation and centering ratio of T-Endo Must, WaveOne Gold, and Trunatomy in resin blocks
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Purpose This study aimed to compare the shaping abilities of different nickel-titanium file systems. Materials and Methods Sixty-six j-shaped resin blocks were randomly divided into three groups (n = 22): Group T-Endo MUST (TE), Group WaveOne (W), Group TruNatomy (TR). After canal preparation, the amount of material removed from the canal, the centering ratio of the file systems, the direction and amount of canal transportation, and shaping errors were evaluated. Shaping time was calculated. Data of shaping time were analyzed with ANOVA and Tamhane test. Data on the shaping ability were analyzed with two- and three-way ROBUST ANOVA. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. Results There was a statistically significant difference between all groups for shaping time (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between groups for the total amount of material removed (p < 0.001). The directions of canal transportation were the inner surface of the curvature for W and TR and the outer for TE. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for the amount of transportation (p > 0.05). The centering ratio of TE and W was statistically higher than TruNatomy (p < 0.001). Conclusions TruNatomy removed the least material that supported the minimally invasive endodontic approach. All file systems caused similar transportation and did not change the original canal shape.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Aybüke Karaca Sakallı
creator: Mügem Aslı Ekici
subject: Dentistry
subject: Drugs and Devices
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18088
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Karaca Sakallı and Ekici
abstract: Purpose This study aimed to compare the shaping abilities of different nickel-titanium file systems. Materials and Methods Sixty-six j-shaped resin blocks were randomly divided into three groups (n = 22): Group T-Endo MUST (TE), Group WaveOne (W), Group TruNatomy (TR). After canal preparation, the amount of material removed from the canal, the centering ratio of the file systems, the direction and amount of canal transportation, and shaping errors were evaluated. Shaping time was calculated. Data of shaping time were analyzed with ANOVA and Tamhane test. Data on the shaping ability were analyzed with two- and three-way ROBUST ANOVA. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. Results There was a statistically significant difference between all groups for shaping time (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between groups for the total amount of material removed (p < 0.001). The directions of canal transportation were the inner surface of the curvature for W and TR and the outer for TE. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for the amount of transportation (p > 0.05). The centering ratio of TE and W was statistically higher than TruNatomy (p < 0.001). Conclusions TruNatomy removed the least material that supported the minimally invasive endodontic approach. All file systems caused similar transportation and did not change the original canal shape.
bibliographic citation: Karaca Sakallı et al. (2024) Evaluation of shaping ability, apical transportation and centering ratio of T-Endo Must, WaveOne Gold, and Trunatomy in resin blocks. PeerJ 12:e18088 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18088
date submitted: 2024-05-06
date accepted: 2024-08-22
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Karaca Sakallı
  given name: Aybüke
author list: Agent
  family name: Ekici
  given name: Mügem Aslı
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18088
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: ©2024 Karaca Sakallı and Ekici
attribution name: Karaca Sakallı and Ekici

Wind energy and insects: reviewing the state of knowledge and identifying potential interactions
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: In 2023 the wind industry hit a milestone of one terawatt of installed capacity globally. That amount is expected to double within the next decade as billions of dollars are invested in new wind projects annually. Wildlife mortality is a primary concern regarding the proliferation of wind power, and many studies have investigated bird and bat interactions. Little is known about the interactions between wind turbines and insects, despite these animals composing far more biomass than vertebrates. Turbine placement, coloration, shape, heat output, and lighting may attract insects to turbines. Insects attract insectivorous animals, which may be killed by the turbines. Compiling current knowledge about these interactions and identifying gaps in knowledge is critical as wind power grows rapidly. We reviewed the state of the literature investigating insects and wind energy facilities, and evaluated hypotheses regarding insect attraction to turbines. We found evidence of insect attraction due to turbine location, paint color, shape, and temperature output. We provide empirical data on insect abundance and richness near turbines and introduce a risk assessment tool for comparing wind development with suitable climate for insects of concern. This understudied topic merits further investigation as insects decline globally. Compiling information will provide a resource for mitigation and management strategies, and will inform conservation agencies on what insects may be most vulnerable to the expansion of wind technologies.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Michelle Weschler
creator: Lusha Tronstad
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Entomology
subject: Natural Resource Management
subject: Environmental Impacts
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18153
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Weschler and Tronstad
abstract: In 2023 the wind industry hit a milestone of one terawatt of installed capacity globally. That amount is expected to double within the next decade as billions of dollars are invested in new wind projects annually. Wildlife mortality is a primary concern regarding the proliferation of wind power, and many studies have investigated bird and bat interactions. Little is known about the interactions between wind turbines and insects, despite these animals composing far more biomass than vertebrates. Turbine placement, coloration, shape, heat output, and lighting may attract insects to turbines. Insects attract insectivorous animals, which may be killed by the turbines. Compiling current knowledge about these interactions and identifying gaps in knowledge is critical as wind power grows rapidly. We reviewed the state of the literature investigating insects and wind energy facilities, and evaluated hypotheses regarding insect attraction to turbines. We found evidence of insect attraction due to turbine location, paint color, shape, and temperature output. We provide empirical data on insect abundance and richness near turbines and introduce a risk assessment tool for comparing wind development with suitable climate for insects of concern. This understudied topic merits further investigation as insects decline globally. Compiling information will provide a resource for mitigation and management strategies, and will inform conservation agencies on what insects may be most vulnerable to the expansion of wind technologies.
bibliographic citation: Weschler et al. (2024) Wind energy and insects: reviewing the state of knowledge and identifying potential interactions. PeerJ 12:e18153 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18153
date submitted: 2023-12-06
date accepted: 2024-09-01
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
author list: Agent
  family name: Weschler
  given name: Michelle
author list: Agent
  family name: Tronstad
  given name: Lusha
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18153
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: © 2024 Weschler and Tronstad
attribution name: Weschler and Tronstad

The effects of resistance training to near volitional failure on motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular fatigue
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background It is unclear whether chronically training close to volitional failure influences motor unit recruitment strategies during fatigue. Purpose We compared resistance training to near volitional failure vs. non-failure on individual motor unit action potential amplitude (MUAP) and surface electromyographic excitation (sEMG) during fatiguing contractions. Methods Nineteen resistance-trained adults (11 males, 8 females) underwent 5 weeks (3×/week) of either low repetitions-in-reserve (RIR; 0–1 RIR) or high RIR training (4–6 RIR). Before and after the intervention, participants performed isometric contractions of the knee extensors at 30% of maximal peak torque until exhaustion while vastus lateralis sEMG signals were recorded and later decomposed. MUAP and sEMG excitation for the vastus lateralis were quantified at the beginning, middle, and end of the fatigue assessment. Results Both training groups improved time-to-task failure (mean change = 43.3 s, 24.0%), with no significant differences between low and high RIR training groups (low RIR = 28.7%, high RIR = 19.4%). Our fatigue assessment revealed reduced isometric torque steadiness and increased MUAP amplitude and sEMG excitation during the fatiguing task, but these changes were consistent between groups. Conclusion Both low and high RIR training improved time-to-task failure, but resulted in comparable motor unit recruitment during fatiguing contractions. Our findings indicate that both low and high RIR training can be used to enhance fatiguability among previously resistance-trained adults.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Jonathan P. Beausejour
creator: Kevan S. Knowles
creator: Jason I. Pagan
creator: Juan P. Rodriguez
creator: Daniel Sheldon
creator: Bradley A. Ruple
creator: Daniel L. Plotkin
creator: Morgan A. Smith
creator: Joshua S. Godwin
creator: Casey L. Sexton
creator: Mason C. McIntosh
creator: Nicholas J. Kontos
creator: Cleiton A. Libardi
creator: Kaelin Young
creator: Michael D. Roberts
creator: Matt S. Stock
subject: Anatomy and Physiology
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Biomechanics
subject: Sports Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18163
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Beausejour et al.
abstract: Background It is unclear whether chronically training close to volitional failure influences motor unit recruitment strategies during fatigue. Purpose We compared resistance training to near volitional failure vs. non-failure on individual motor unit action potential amplitude (MUAP) and surface electromyographic excitation (sEMG) during fatiguing contractions. Methods Nineteen resistance-trained adults (11 males, 8 females) underwent 5 weeks (3×/week) of either low repetitions-in-reserve (RIR; 0–1 RIR) or high RIR training (4–6 RIR). Before and after the intervention, participants performed isometric contractions of the knee extensors at 30% of maximal peak torque until exhaustion while vastus lateralis sEMG signals were recorded and later decomposed. MUAP and sEMG excitation for the vastus lateralis were quantified at the beginning, middle, and end of the fatigue assessment. Results Both training groups improved time-to-task failure (mean change = 43.3 s, 24.0%), with no significant differences between low and high RIR training groups (low RIR = 28.7%, high RIR = 19.4%). Our fatigue assessment revealed reduced isometric torque steadiness and increased MUAP amplitude and sEMG excitation during the fatiguing task, but these changes were consistent between groups. Conclusion Both low and high RIR training improved time-to-task failure, but resulted in comparable motor unit recruitment during fatiguing contractions. Our findings indicate that both low and high RIR training can be used to enhance fatiguability among previously resistance-trained adults.
bibliographic citation: Beausejour et al. (2024) The effects of resistance training to near volitional failure on motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular fatigue. PeerJ 12:e18163 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18163
date submitted: 2024-03-12
date accepted: 2024-09-02
issued: 2024-10-14
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Beausejour
  given name: Jonathan P.
author list: Agent
  family name: Knowles
  given name: Kevan S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Pagan
  given name: Jason I.
author list: Agent
  family name: Rodriguez
  given name: Juan P.
author list: Agent
  family name: Sheldon
  given name: Daniel
author list: Agent
  family name: Ruple
  given name: Bradley A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Plotkin
  given name: Daniel L.
author list: Agent
  family name: Smith
  given name: Morgan A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Godwin
  given name: Joshua S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Sexton
  given name: Casey L.
author list: Agent
  family name: McIntosh
  given name: Mason C.
author list: Agent
  family name: Kontos
  given name: Nicholas J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Libardi
  given name: Cleiton A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Young
  given name: Kaelin
author list: Agent
  family name: Roberts
  given name: Michael D.
author list: Agent
  family name: Stock
  given name: Matt S.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18163
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-10-14
copyright: © 2024 Beausejour et al.
attribution name: Beausejour et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359