PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: β-Defensin versus conventional markers of inflammation in periprosthetic joint infection: a retrospective study
items: The complete mitochondrial DNA of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea is putatively complemented by microDNAs
items: Rapid detection of enterobacteria in wastewater treated by microalgal consortia using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
items: Population size and structure of Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu in Geralle National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia
items: Phylogenetic relationships of Neogene hamsters (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetinae) revealed under Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony
items: https://peerj.com/articles/18452
items: Treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow by olecranon osteotomy: a retrospective cohort study
items: Evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
items: Cirsilineol improves anesthesia/surgery-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction through attenuating oxidative stress and modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization
items: Heavy metal concentrations in soil and ecological risk assessment in the vicinity of Tianzhu Industrial Park, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

β-Defensin versus conventional markers of inflammation in periprosthetic joint infection: a retrospective study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a significant challenge for healthcare professionals. Commonly utilized inflammatory markers include erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBC). Human β-defensin 1 (β-defensin) is an antimicrobial peptide elevated in infection, yet its diagnostic value for PJI has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of synovial β-defensin as a diagnostic marker for PJI and to compare its performance with ESR, serum CRP, and WBC. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective study from October 2022 to June 2023. A total of 105 joint fluid samples from revision patients at the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra were collected intraoperatively (71 hips, 34 knees) and frozen. According to MSIS criteria, 64 patients were defined as positive for PJI and the remaining 41 were negative. Synovial β-defensin levels were quantified using ELISA, serum CRP levels by immunoturbidimetry, and blood ESR and WBC were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were determined using ROC curves, and diagnostic performance was compared using the area under the curve (AUC). Cut-off values for diagnosing PJI were established. Results Levels of synovial β-defensin, ESR, serum CRP, and WBC were significantly higher in the PJI group compared to the non-PJI (P < 0.0001). The AUCs were 0.948 for β-defensin, 0.884 for ESR, 0.902 for CRP, and 0.767 for WBC, with a combined AUC of 0.994. Sensitivity/specificity for β-defensin, ESR, CRP, and WBC were 0.966/0.830, 0.887/0.791, 0.930/0.771, and 0.820/0.682, respectively. Optimal predictive cut-off values were 1105.8 pg/mL for β-defensin, 11.5 mm/h for ESR, 5.55 mg/L for CRP, and 7.3 × 103/mm3 for WBC. Conclusion The synovial β-defensin assay demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PJI compared to ESR, serum CRP and WBC. Therefore, β-defensin shows promise …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Javier Fernández-Torres
creator: Yessica Zamudio-Cuevas
creator: Karina Martínez-Flores
creator: Ambar López-Macay
creator: Graciela Rosas-Alquicira
creator: María Guadalupe Martínez-Zavaleta
creator: Luis Esaú López-Jácome
creator: Rafael Franco-Cendejas
creator: Ernesto Roldan-Valadez
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Hematology
subject: Orthopedics
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18560
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Fernández-Torres et al.
abstract: Background Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a significant challenge for healthcare professionals. Commonly utilized inflammatory markers include erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBC). Human β-defensin 1 (β-defensin) is an antimicrobial peptide elevated in infection, yet its diagnostic value for PJI has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of synovial β-defensin as a diagnostic marker for PJI and to compare its performance with ESR, serum CRP, and WBC. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective study from October 2022 to June 2023. A total of 105 joint fluid samples from revision patients at the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra were collected intraoperatively (71 hips, 34 knees) and frozen. According to MSIS criteria, 64 patients were defined as positive for PJI and the remaining 41 were negative. Synovial β-defensin levels were quantified using ELISA, serum CRP levels by immunoturbidimetry, and blood ESR and WBC were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were determined using ROC curves, and diagnostic performance was compared using the area under the curve (AUC). Cut-off values for diagnosing PJI were established. Results Levels of synovial β-defensin, ESR, serum CRP, and WBC were significantly higher in the PJI group compared to the non-PJI (P < 0.0001). The AUCs were 0.948 for β-defensin, 0.884 for ESR, 0.902 for CRP, and 0.767 for WBC, with a combined AUC of 0.994. Sensitivity/specificity for β-defensin, ESR, CRP, and WBC were 0.966/0.830, 0.887/0.791, 0.930/0.771, and 0.820/0.682, respectively. Optimal predictive cut-off values were 1105.8 pg/mL for β-defensin, 11.5 mm/h for ESR, 5.55 mg/L for CRP, and 7.3 × 103/mm3 for WBC. Conclusion The synovial β-defensin assay demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PJI compared to ESR, serum CRP and WBC. Therefore, β-defensin shows promise …
bibliographic citation: Fernández-Torres et al. (2024) β-Defensin versus conventional markers of inflammation in periprosthetic joint infection: a retrospective study. PeerJ 12:e18560 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18560
date submitted: 2024-08-26
date accepted: 2024-10-31
issued: 2024-11-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
author list: Agent
  family name: Fernández-Torres
  given name: Javier
author list: Agent
  family name: Zamudio-Cuevas
  given name: Yessica
author list: Agent
  family name: Martínez-Flores
  given name: Karina
author list: Agent
  family name: López-Macay
  given name: Ambar
author list: Agent
  family name: Rosas-Alquicira
  given name: Graciela
author list: Agent
  family name: Martínez-Zavaleta
  given name: María Guadalupe
author list: Agent
  family name: López-Jácome
  given name: Luis Esaú
author list: Agent
  family name: Franco-Cendejas
  given name: Rafael
author list: Agent
  family name: Roldan-Valadez
  given name: Ernesto
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18560
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-18
copyright: ©2024 Fernández-Torres et al.
attribution name: Fernández-Torres et al.

The complete mitochondrial DNA of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea is putatively complemented by microDNAs
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Cladorhizidae), contrary to the usual filter-feeding mechanism of sponges, are specialized in catching larger prey through adhesive surfaces or hook-like spicules. The mitochondrial DNA of sponges overall present several divergences from other metazoans, and while presenting unique features among major transitions, such as in calcarean and glass sponges, poriferan mitogenomes are relatively stable within their groups. Here, we report and discuss the mitogenome of Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996), which greatly vary from its subordinal counterparts in both structure and gene order. This mitogenome is seemingly multipartite into three chromosomes, two of them as microDNAs. The main chromosome, chrM1, is unusually large, 31,099 bp in length, has a unique gene order within Poecilosclerida, and presents two rRNA, 13 protein and 19 tRNA coding genes. Intergenic regions comprise approximately 40% of chrM1, bearing several terminal direct and inverted repeats (TDRr and TIRs) but holding no vestiges of former mitochondrial sequences, pseudogenes, or transposable elements. The nd4l and trnI(gau) genes are likely located in microDNAs thus comprising putative mitochondrial chromosomes chrM2, 291 bp, and chrM3, 140 bp, respectively. It is unclear which processes are responsible for the remarkable features of the of L. hypogea mitogenome, including a generalized gene rearrangement, long IGRs, and putative extrachromosomal genes in microDNAs.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Thiago Silva de Paula
creator: Dora de Moura Barbosa Leite
creator: Gisele Lobo-Hajdu
creator: Jean Vacelet
creator: Fabiano Thompson
creator: Eduardo Hajdu
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Genomics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18255
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 de Paula et al.
abstract: Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Cladorhizidae), contrary to the usual filter-feeding mechanism of sponges, are specialized in catching larger prey through adhesive surfaces or hook-like spicules. The mitochondrial DNA of sponges overall present several divergences from other metazoans, and while presenting unique features among major transitions, such as in calcarean and glass sponges, poriferan mitogenomes are relatively stable within their groups. Here, we report and discuss the mitogenome of Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996), which greatly vary from its subordinal counterparts in both structure and gene order. This mitogenome is seemingly multipartite into three chromosomes, two of them as microDNAs. The main chromosome, chrM1, is unusually large, 31,099 bp in length, has a unique gene order within Poecilosclerida, and presents two rRNA, 13 protein and 19 tRNA coding genes. Intergenic regions comprise approximately 40% of chrM1, bearing several terminal direct and inverted repeats (TDRr and TIRs) but holding no vestiges of former mitochondrial sequences, pseudogenes, or transposable elements. The nd4l and trnI(gau) genes are likely located in microDNAs thus comprising putative mitochondrial chromosomes chrM2, 291 bp, and chrM3, 140 bp, respectively. It is unclear which processes are responsible for the remarkable features of the of L. hypogea mitogenome, including a generalized gene rearrangement, long IGRs, and putative extrachromosomal genes in microDNAs.
bibliographic citation: de Paula et al. (2024) The complete mitochondrial DNA of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea is putatively complemented by microDNAs. PeerJ 12:e18255 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18255
date submitted: 2024-04-30
date accepted: 2024-09-16
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: de Paula
  given name: Thiago Silva
author list: Agent
  family name: Leite
  given name: Dora de Moura Barbosa
author list: Agent
  family name: Lobo-Hajdu
  given name: Gisele
author list: Agent
  family name: Vacelet
  given name: Jean
author list: Agent
  family name: Thompson
  given name: Fabiano
author list: Agent
  family name: Hajdu
  given name: Eduardo
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18255
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: © 2024 de Paula et al.
attribution name: de Paula et al.

Rapid detection of enterobacteria in wastewater treated by microalgal consortia using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: In the present study, nine Enterobacteriaceae species present in wastewater were isolated and identified, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae by designing primers based on the mcr-1, KPC, OXA-23, and VIM genes, which are recognized markers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission during microalgal bioremediation treatment. The developed assays successfully detected four strains positive for mcr-1 gene-asociated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens), three strains for KPC gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter sp., Escherichia coli 15499, and Morganella morganii), seven strains for OXA-23 gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Enterobacter hormaechi, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli 15922, Escherichia coli 51446, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens), and three strains for resistance to the VIM gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Acinetobacter sp., and Enterobacter hormaechi) from a single colony. A reduction in microbiological load of 93.6% was achieved at 15 colony-forming units (CFU) mL−1, utilizing EMB agar and LAMP values of 0.142 ± 0.011 for the mcr-1 gene, 0.212 ± 0.02 for the KPC gene, 0.233 ± 0.006 for the OXA-23 gene, and 0.219 ± 0.035 for the VIM gene. Furthermore, bioremediation efficiency values of 71.6% and 75% for total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, were observed at 72 h of treatment in open pond microalgal remediation systems (MRS). This study demonstrated that the LAMP technique is faster and more sensitive than traditional detection methods, such as CFU, for Enterobacteriaceae. Consequently, this method may be considered for the detection of microbiological quality indicators within the water treatment industry.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Henry Cameron
creator: Jazmín Bazaes
creator: Claudia Sepúlveda
creator: Carlos Riquelme
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: Environmental Contamination and Remediation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18305
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Cameron et al.
abstract: In the present study, nine Enterobacteriaceae species present in wastewater were isolated and identified, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae by designing primers based on the mcr-1, KPC, OXA-23, and VIM genes, which are recognized markers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission during microalgal bioremediation treatment. The developed assays successfully detected four strains positive for mcr-1 gene-asociated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens), three strains for KPC gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter sp., Escherichia coli 15499, and Morganella morganii), seven strains for OXA-23 gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Enterobacter hormaechi, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli 15922, Escherichia coli 51446, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens), and three strains for resistance to the VIM gene-associated resistance (Acinetobacter baylyi, Acinetobacter sp., and Enterobacter hormaechi) from a single colony. A reduction in microbiological load of 93.6% was achieved at 15 colony-forming units (CFU) mL−1, utilizing EMB agar and LAMP values of 0.142 ± 0.011 for the mcr-1 gene, 0.212 ± 0.02 for the KPC gene, 0.233 ± 0.006 for the OXA-23 gene, and 0.219 ± 0.035 for the VIM gene. Furthermore, bioremediation efficiency values of 71.6% and 75% for total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, were observed at 72 h of treatment in open pond microalgal remediation systems (MRS). This study demonstrated that the LAMP technique is faster and more sensitive than traditional detection methods, such as CFU, for Enterobacteriaceae. Consequently, this method may be considered for the detection of microbiological quality indicators within the water treatment industry.
bibliographic citation: Cameron et al. (2024) Rapid detection of enterobacteria in wastewater treated by microalgal consortia using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). PeerJ 12:e18305 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18305
date submitted: 2024-05-23
date accepted: 2024-09-23
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Cameron
  given name: Henry
author list: Agent
  family name: Bazaes
  given name: Jazmín
author list: Agent
  family name: Sepúlveda
  given name: Claudia
author list: Agent
  family name: Riquelme
  given name: Carlos
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18305
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: © 2024 Cameron et al.
attribution name: Cameron et al.

Population size and structure of Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu in Geralle National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu remain widespread within and outside protected areas. Current pressures on their populations, human encroachment and disturbance associated habitat modifications, and excessive grazing pose further threats to the species. The estimation of density and abundance of species has significant value for sustainable wildlife management in Geralle National Park (GNP) and also contributes towards a more accurate global population estimate. Result Using distance sampling methods, the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) (close to zero) and Chi-square tests (P value > 0.05) showed that the hazard rate key function with an un-equal interval group model was selected for estimation of density and abundance. The density of species was 1.7 ± 0.5, 2.07 ± 0.7, gazelle/km2 and 1.39 ± 0.3, 1.92 ± 0.42, lesser kudu/km2 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Population density, abundance, and structure showed habitat and seasonal differences in observation. More individuals of both species were recorded during the wet season as compared to the dry season. Grassland was favored by Grant’s gazelle, while lesser kudu preferred woodlands. Both species exhibited a female-biased sex ratio, indicating potential for future population growth prospects. Conclusion It can be concluded that GNP is home to viable populations of Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu, and season has influenced population abundance and distribution due to resource availability variations among seasons. The female-biased sex ratio indicates the future population growth prospects for the two species.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Melkamu Aychew
creator: Zerihun Girma
creator: Zenebe Ageru Yilma
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18340
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Aychew et al.
abstract: Background Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu remain widespread within and outside protected areas. Current pressures on their populations, human encroachment and disturbance associated habitat modifications, and excessive grazing pose further threats to the species. The estimation of density and abundance of species has significant value for sustainable wildlife management in Geralle National Park (GNP) and also contributes towards a more accurate global population estimate. Result Using distance sampling methods, the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) (close to zero) and Chi-square tests (P value > 0.05) showed that the hazard rate key function with an un-equal interval group model was selected for estimation of density and abundance. The density of species was 1.7 ± 0.5, 2.07 ± 0.7, gazelle/km2 and 1.39 ± 0.3, 1.92 ± 0.42, lesser kudu/km2 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Population density, abundance, and structure showed habitat and seasonal differences in observation. More individuals of both species were recorded during the wet season as compared to the dry season. Grassland was favored by Grant’s gazelle, while lesser kudu preferred woodlands. Both species exhibited a female-biased sex ratio, indicating potential for future population growth prospects. Conclusion It can be concluded that GNP is home to viable populations of Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu, and season has influenced population abundance and distribution due to resource availability variations among seasons. The female-biased sex ratio indicates the future population growth prospects for the two species.
bibliographic citation: Aychew et al. (2024) Population size and structure of Grant’s gazelle and lesser kudu in Geralle National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia. PeerJ 12:e18340 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18340
date submitted: 2024-03-14
date accepted: 2024-09-26
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Aychew
  given name: Melkamu
author list: Agent
  family name: Girma
  given name: Zerihun
author list: Agent
  family name: Yilma
  given name: Zenebe Ageru
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18340
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: ©2024 Aychew et al.
attribution name: Aychew et al.

Phylogenetic relationships of Neogene hamsters (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetinae) revealed under Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: There is an ongoing debate about the internal systematics of today’s group of hamsters (Cricetinae), following new insights that are gained based on molecular data. Regarding the closely related fossil cricetids, however, most studies deal with only a limited number of genera and statements about their possible relationships are rare. In this study, 41 fossil species from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene, belonging to seven extinct cricetine genera, Collimys, Rotundomys, Neocricetodon, Pseudocricetus, Cricetulodon, Apocricetus and Hattomys are analysed in a phylogenetic framework using traditional maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches. Following thorough model testing, a relaxed-clock Bayesian inference analysis is performed under tip-dating to estimate divergence times simultaneously. Furthermore, so-called ‘rogue’ taxa are identified and excluded from the final trees to improve the informative value of the shown relationships. Based on these resulting trees, the fit of the topologies to the stratigraphy is assessed and the ancestral states of the characters are reconstructed under a parsimonious approach and stochastic character mapping. The overall topologies resulting from Bayesian and parsimonious approaches are largely congruent to each other and confirm the monophyly of most of the genera. Additionally, synapomorphies can be identified for each of these genera based on the ancestral state reconstructions. Only Cricetulodon turns out to be paraphyletic, while ‘Cricetulodon’ complicidens is a member of Neocricetodon. Lastly, this work makes a contribution to a debate that went on for decades, as the genus Kowalskia can be confirmed as junior synonym of Neocricetodon.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Moritz Dirnberger
creator: Pablo Peláez-Campomanes
creator: Raquel López-Antoñanzas
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
subject: Taxonomy
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18440
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Dirnberger et al.
abstract: There is an ongoing debate about the internal systematics of today’s group of hamsters (Cricetinae), following new insights that are gained based on molecular data. Regarding the closely related fossil cricetids, however, most studies deal with only a limited number of genera and statements about their possible relationships are rare. In this study, 41 fossil species from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene, belonging to seven extinct cricetine genera, Collimys, Rotundomys, Neocricetodon, Pseudocricetus, Cricetulodon, Apocricetus and Hattomys are analysed in a phylogenetic framework using traditional maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches. Following thorough model testing, a relaxed-clock Bayesian inference analysis is performed under tip-dating to estimate divergence times simultaneously. Furthermore, so-called ‘rogue’ taxa are identified and excluded from the final trees to improve the informative value of the shown relationships. Based on these resulting trees, the fit of the topologies to the stratigraphy is assessed and the ancestral states of the characters are reconstructed under a parsimonious approach and stochastic character mapping. The overall topologies resulting from Bayesian and parsimonious approaches are largely congruent to each other and confirm the monophyly of most of the genera. Additionally, synapomorphies can be identified for each of these genera based on the ancestral state reconstructions. Only Cricetulodon turns out to be paraphyletic, while ‘Cricetulodon’ complicidens is a member of Neocricetodon. Lastly, this work makes a contribution to a debate that went on for decades, as the genus Kowalskia can be confirmed as junior synonym of Neocricetodon.
bibliographic citation: Dirnberger et al. (2024) Phylogenetic relationships of Neogene hamsters (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetinae) revealed under Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony. PeerJ 12:e18440 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18440
date submitted: 2024-07-25
date accepted: 2024-10-11
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Dirnberger
  given name: Moritz
author list: Agent
  family name: Peláez-Campomanes
  given name: Pablo
author list: Agent
  family name: López-Antoñanzas
  given name: Raquel
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18440
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: © 2024 Dirnberger et al.
attribution name: Dirnberger et al.

https://peerj.com/articles/18452
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
title: Comparative efficacy of Knema retusa extract delivery via PEG-b-PCL, niosome, and their combination against Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype T4: characterization, inhibition, anti-adhesion, and cytotoxic activity
description: Background Acanthamoeba spp. is a waterborne, opportunistic protozoan that can cause amebic keratitis and granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Knema retusa is a native tree in Malaysia, and its extracts possess a broad range of biological activities. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle formations and suggest a future targeted drug delivery system. Copolymer micelle (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ɛ-caprolactone); PEG-b-PCL) is also a key constituent of niosome and supports high stability and drug efficacy. To establish Knema retusa extract (KRe) loading in diverse nanocarriers via niosome, PEG-b-PCL micelle, and their combination and to study the effect of all types of nanoparticles (NPs) on Acanthamoeba viability, adherent ability, elimination of adherence, and cytotoxicity. Methods In this study, we characterized niosomes, PEG-b-PCL, and their combination loaded with KRe and tested the effect of these NPs on Acanthamoeba triangularis stages. KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL, KRe-loaded niosome, and KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL plus niosome were synthesized and characterized regarding particle size and charge, yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading content (DLC). The effect of these KRe-loaded NPs on trophozoite and cystic forms of A. triangularis was assessed through assays of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), using trypan blue exclusion to determine the viability. The effect of KRe-loaded NPs was also determined on A. triangularis trophozoite for 24–72 h. Additionally, the anti-adhesion activity of the KRe-loaded niosome on trophozoites was also performed on a 96-well plate. Cytotoxicity activity of KRe-loaded NPs was assessed on VERO and HaCaT cells using MTT assay. Results KRe-loaded niosome demonstrated a higher yielded (87.93 ± 6.03%) at 286 nm UV-Vis detection and exhibited a larger size (199.3 ± 29.98 nm) and DLC (19.63 ± 1.84%) compared to KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL (45.2 ± 10.07 nm and 2.15 ± 0.25%). The EE (%) of KRe-loaded niosome was 63.67 ± 4.…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Siriphorn Chimplee
creator: Watcharapong Mitsuwan
creator: Masyitah Zulkifli
creator: Komgrit Eawsakul
creator: Tassanee Ongtanasup
creator: Suthinee Sangkanu
creator: Tooba Mahboob
creator: Sonia M.R. Oliveira
creator: Christophe Wiart
creator: Siva Ramamoorthy
creator: Maria de Lourdes Pereira
creator: Shanmuga Sundar Saravanabhavan
creator: Polrat Wilairatana
creator: Veeranoot Nissapatorn
subject: Microbiology
subject: Parasitology
subject: Drugs and Devices
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: Ophthalmology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18452
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Chimplee et al.
abstract: Background Acanthamoeba spp. is a waterborne, opportunistic protozoan that can cause amebic keratitis and granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Knema retusa is a native tree in Malaysia, and its extracts possess a broad range of biological activities. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle formations and suggest a future targeted drug delivery system. Copolymer micelle (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ɛ-caprolactone); PEG-b-PCL) is also a key constituent of niosome and supports high stability and drug efficacy. To establish Knema retusa extract (KRe) loading in diverse nanocarriers via niosome, PEG-b-PCL micelle, and their combination and to study the effect of all types of nanoparticles (NPs) on Acanthamoeba viability, adherent ability, elimination of adherence, and cytotoxicity. Methods In this study, we characterized niosomes, PEG-b-PCL, and their combination loaded with KRe and tested the effect of these NPs on Acanthamoeba triangularis stages. KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL, KRe-loaded niosome, and KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL plus niosome were synthesized and characterized regarding particle size and charge, yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading content (DLC). The effect of these KRe-loaded NPs on trophozoite and cystic forms of A. triangularis was assessed through assays of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), using trypan blue exclusion to determine the viability. The effect of KRe-loaded NPs was also determined on A. triangularis trophozoite for 24–72 h. Additionally, the anti-adhesion activity of the KRe-loaded niosome on trophozoites was also performed on a 96-well plate. Cytotoxicity activity of KRe-loaded NPs was assessed on VERO and HaCaT cells using MTT assay. Results KRe-loaded niosome demonstrated a higher yielded (87.93 ± 6.03%) at 286 nm UV-Vis detection and exhibited a larger size (199.3 ± 29.98 nm) and DLC (19.63 ± 1.84%) compared to KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL (45.2 ± 10.07 nm and 2.15 ± 0.25%). The EE (%) of KRe-loaded niosome was 63.67 ± 4.…
bibliographic citation: Chimplee et al. (2024) Comparative efficacy of Knema retusa extract delivery via PEG-b-PCL, niosome, and their combination against Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype T4: characterization, inhibition, anti-adhesion, and cytotoxic activity. PeerJ 12:e18452 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18452
date submitted: 2024-04-12
date accepted: 2024-10-14
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
author list: Agent
  family name: Chimplee
  given name: Siriphorn
author list: Agent
  family name: Mitsuwan
  given name: Watcharapong
author list: Agent
  family name: Zulkifli
  given name: Masyitah
author list: Agent
  family name: Eawsakul
  given name: Komgrit
author list: Agent
  family name: Ongtanasup
  given name: Tassanee
author list: Agent
  family name: Sangkanu
  given name: Suthinee
author list: Agent
  family name: Mahboob
  given name: Tooba
author list: Agent
  family name: Oliveira
  given name: Sonia M.R.
author list: Agent
  family name: Wiart
  given name: Christophe
author list: Agent
  family name: Ramamoorthy
  given name: Siva
author list: Agent
  family name: Pereira
  given name: Maria de Lourdes
author list: Agent
  family name: Saravanabhavan
  given name: Shanmuga Sundar
author list: Agent
  family name: Wilairatana
  given name: Polrat
author list: Agent
  family name: Nissapatorn
  given name: Veeranoot
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18452
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: ©2024 Chimplee et al.
attribution name: Chimplee et al.

Treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow by olecranon osteotomy: a retrospective cohort study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background This study aims to evaluate the surgical techniques and outcomes of treating elbow dislocations with coronoid and radial head fractures, commonly referred to as the terrible triad of the elbow (TTE), through a single olecranon osteotomy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 73 patients diagnosed with TTE between January 2015 and April 2022. The cohort included 44 men and 29 women, with an average age of 40.0 ± 15.1 years (range, 18–68 years). Among these patients, Mason Type I, II, and III fractures were identified in 11, 42, and 20 cases, respectively, while Morrey Type I, II, and III fractures were observed in 45, 23, and five cases, respectively. All patients underwent treatment via a single olecranon osteotomy. The average interval between injury and surgery was 5.6 ± 1.6 days (range, 3–8 days). Elbow function was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), pain was measured via the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and quality of life was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results Patients were followed for 15 to 60 months (mean, 37.1 ± 13.3 months). All coronoid and radial head fractures achieved complete healing, with an average recovery time of 4.3 ± 1.1 months (range, 3–6 months). By the final follow-up, all patients had regained normal elbow function. The mean elbow flexion was 124.4° ± 9.2°, extension was 9.6° ± 6.5°, and the total range of flexion-extension was 114.8° ± 11.7°. Forearm pronation averaged 77.3° ± 4.8°, supination 79.2° ± 6.5°, and total forearm rotation 156.5° ± 8.4°. The mean MEPS was 89.3 ± 6.4, with 36 patients achieving excellent scores and 37 obtaining good scores. Preoperative VAS scores averaged 8.78 ± 1.11, which significantly dropped to 0.97 ± 0.83 at the final follow-up (p = 0.000). The SF-36 preoperative PCS and MCS scores were 45.77 ± 3.59 and 60.67 ± 3.91, respectively, with postoperative improvements to 93.85 ± 2.65 (p = 0.000) and 95.79 ± 3.11 (p = 0.000). Conclusion This retrospective an…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ming Zhou
creator: Yuan Xue
creator: Xueyuan Jia
creator: Jianbing Wang
creator: Yongwei Wu
creator: Yunhong Ma
creator: Zhenzhong Sun
creator: Yongjun Rui
subject: Evidence Based Medicine
subject: Orthopedics
subject: Surgery and Surgical Specialties
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18469
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Zhou et al.
abstract: Background This study aims to evaluate the surgical techniques and outcomes of treating elbow dislocations with coronoid and radial head fractures, commonly referred to as the terrible triad of the elbow (TTE), through a single olecranon osteotomy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 73 patients diagnosed with TTE between January 2015 and April 2022. The cohort included 44 men and 29 women, with an average age of 40.0 ± 15.1 years (range, 18–68 years). Among these patients, Mason Type I, II, and III fractures were identified in 11, 42, and 20 cases, respectively, while Morrey Type I, II, and III fractures were observed in 45, 23, and five cases, respectively. All patients underwent treatment via a single olecranon osteotomy. The average interval between injury and surgery was 5.6 ± 1.6 days (range, 3–8 days). Elbow function was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), pain was measured via the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and quality of life was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results Patients were followed for 15 to 60 months (mean, 37.1 ± 13.3 months). All coronoid and radial head fractures achieved complete healing, with an average recovery time of 4.3 ± 1.1 months (range, 3–6 months). By the final follow-up, all patients had regained normal elbow function. The mean elbow flexion was 124.4° ± 9.2°, extension was 9.6° ± 6.5°, and the total range of flexion-extension was 114.8° ± 11.7°. Forearm pronation averaged 77.3° ± 4.8°, supination 79.2° ± 6.5°, and total forearm rotation 156.5° ± 8.4°. The mean MEPS was 89.3 ± 6.4, with 36 patients achieving excellent scores and 37 obtaining good scores. Preoperative VAS scores averaged 8.78 ± 1.11, which significantly dropped to 0.97 ± 0.83 at the final follow-up (p = 0.000). The SF-36 preoperative PCS and MCS scores were 45.77 ± 3.59 and 60.67 ± 3.91, respectively, with postoperative improvements to 93.85 ± 2.65 (p = 0.000) and 95.79 ± 3.11 (p = 0.000). Conclusion This retrospective an…
bibliographic citation: Zhou et al. (2024) Treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow by olecranon osteotomy: a retrospective cohort study. PeerJ 12:e18469 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18469
date submitted: 2024-07-08
date accepted: 2024-10-15
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Ming
author list: Agent
  family name: Xue
  given name: Yuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Jia
  given name: Xueyuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Jianbing
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Yongwei
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Yunhong
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Zhenzhong
author list: Agent
  family name: Rui
  given name: Yongjun
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18469
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: ©2024 Zhou et al.
attribution name: Zhou et al.

Evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) not only harbour the risk of malignant transformation but can also affect patients’ quality of life owing to severe symptoms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to improve patients’ quality of life. The objective of this meta-analysis was to comprehensively assess the efficacy of curcumin in the management of OPMDs. Methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of OPMDs from inception until March 2024. RevMan 5.4 software was used to perform statistical and subgroup analyses. Results Sixteen randomised controlled trials (1,089 patients) were selected. Curcumin exhibited comparable efficacy to conventional controls in alleviating pain (I2 = 98%, P = 0.49) and improving tongue protrusion (I2 = 94%, P = 0.51) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Additionally, topical use of curcumin had an efficacy equivalent to that of conventional therapy in reducing pain (I2 = 83%, P = 0.31) and facilitating clinical remission (I2 = 67%, P = 0.38) of oral lichen planus (OLP). Conclusion The topical use of curcumin may palliate pain and promote clinical healing in OLP patients. Systemic curcumin can ameliorate the degree of pain and tongue protrusion in OSF. Therefore, our study suggests that curcumin could serve as an alternative treatment for managing OPMDs with lower medical toxicity than steroids, especially when steroids are not suitable. Further studies with larger sample sizes and adequate follow-up periods are required to validate our results.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Wenjin Shi
creator: Qiuhao Wang
creator: Sixin Jiang
creator: Yuqi Wu
creator: Chunyu Li
creator: Yulang Xie
creator: Qianming Chen
creator: Xiaobo Luo
subject: Dentistry
subject: Drugs and Devices
subject: Nutrition
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18492
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Shi et al.
abstract: Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) not only harbour the risk of malignant transformation but can also affect patients’ quality of life owing to severe symptoms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to improve patients’ quality of life. The objective of this meta-analysis was to comprehensively assess the efficacy of curcumin in the management of OPMDs. Methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of OPMDs from inception until March 2024. RevMan 5.4 software was used to perform statistical and subgroup analyses. Results Sixteen randomised controlled trials (1,089 patients) were selected. Curcumin exhibited comparable efficacy to conventional controls in alleviating pain (I2 = 98%, P = 0.49) and improving tongue protrusion (I2 = 94%, P = 0.51) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Additionally, topical use of curcumin had an efficacy equivalent to that of conventional therapy in reducing pain (I2 = 83%, P = 0.31) and facilitating clinical remission (I2 = 67%, P = 0.38) of oral lichen planus (OLP). Conclusion The topical use of curcumin may palliate pain and promote clinical healing in OLP patients. Systemic curcumin can ameliorate the degree of pain and tongue protrusion in OSF. Therefore, our study suggests that curcumin could serve as an alternative treatment for managing OPMDs with lower medical toxicity than steroids, especially when steroids are not suitable. Further studies with larger sample sizes and adequate follow-up periods are required to validate our results.
bibliographic citation: Shi et al. (2024) Evaluating the efficacy of curcumin in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 12:e18492 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18492
date submitted: 2024-04-16
date accepted: 2024-10-17
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Wenjin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Qiuhao
author list: Agent
  family name: Jiang
  given name: Sixin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Yuqi
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Chunyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Xie
  given name: Yulang
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Qianming
author list: Agent
  family name: Luo
  given name: Xiaobo
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18492
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: © 2024 Shi et al.
attribution name: Shi et al.

Cirsilineol improves anesthesia/surgery-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction through attenuating oxidative stress and modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Cirsilineol is a trimethoxy and dihydroxy flavonoid isolated from plant species such as Artemisia vestita and has a variety of pharmacological properties. This study analyzed whether cirsilineol could prevent postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods A POCD mouse model induced by anesthesia/surgery induction and a cell model established with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced microglia BV-2 were employed to explore the efficacy of cirsilineol on POCD. The cognition function of the mice were assessed by carrying out behavioral tests (Morris water maze test and Y-maze test). We assessed the activation and polarization status of microglia using immunofluorescence analysis and detected the expression levels of CD86 and CD206 using the quantitative PCR (qPCR). Subsequently, cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay and apoptosis was assessed using Calcein-AM/PI staining. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and cell culture medium were detected using chemiluminescence. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Results Cirsilineol reduced the escape latency and times of crossing island and increased spontaneous alternation (SA) rate, restoring the cognitive dysfunctions of POCD-modeled mice. Meanwhile, POCD elevated CD86 expression and malondialdehyde content and lowered the level of SOD; however, cirsilineol promoted CD206 expression and generation of SOD and inhibited malondialdehyde production. In H2O2-induced microglia BV-2, cirsilineol treatment increased SOD content and suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization and JAK/STAT pathway. Conclusion Cirsilineol prevented against POCD by attenuating oxidative stress and modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization, providing novel insights for the management of POCD.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Junli Du
creator: Chao Chen
creator: Jie Chen
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Anesthesiology and Pain Management
subject: Cognitive Disorders
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18507
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Du et al.
abstract: Background Cirsilineol is a trimethoxy and dihydroxy flavonoid isolated from plant species such as Artemisia vestita and has a variety of pharmacological properties. This study analyzed whether cirsilineol could prevent postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods A POCD mouse model induced by anesthesia/surgery induction and a cell model established with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced microglia BV-2 were employed to explore the efficacy of cirsilineol on POCD. The cognition function of the mice were assessed by carrying out behavioral tests (Morris water maze test and Y-maze test). We assessed the activation and polarization status of microglia using immunofluorescence analysis and detected the expression levels of CD86 and CD206 using the quantitative PCR (qPCR). Subsequently, cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay and apoptosis was assessed using Calcein-AM/PI staining. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and cell culture medium were detected using chemiluminescence. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Results Cirsilineol reduced the escape latency and times of crossing island and increased spontaneous alternation (SA) rate, restoring the cognitive dysfunctions of POCD-modeled mice. Meanwhile, POCD elevated CD86 expression and malondialdehyde content and lowered the level of SOD; however, cirsilineol promoted CD206 expression and generation of SOD and inhibited malondialdehyde production. In H2O2-induced microglia BV-2, cirsilineol treatment increased SOD content and suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization and JAK/STAT pathway. Conclusion Cirsilineol prevented against POCD by attenuating oxidative stress and modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization, providing novel insights for the management of POCD.
bibliographic citation: Du et al. (2024) Cirsilineol improves anesthesia/surgery-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction through attenuating oxidative stress and modulating microglia M1/M2 polarization. PeerJ 12:e18507 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18507
date submitted: 2024-08-21
date accepted: 2024-10-21
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Du
  given name: Junli
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Chao
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Jie
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18507
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: © 2024 Du et al.
attribution name: Du et al.

Heavy metal concentrations in soil and ecological risk assessment in the vicinity of Tianzhu Industrial Park, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Industrial parks in China are centers of intensive chemical manufacturing and other industrial activities, often concentrated in relatively small areas. This concentration increases the risk of soil pollution both within the parks and in surrounding areas. The soils of the Tibetan Plateau, known for their high sensitivity to environmental changes, are particularly vulnerable to human activity. In this study, we examined the concentrations (mg/kg) of 10 metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in soils at depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm from the surface at three distances (500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m from the park boundary) on the east, south, west, and north sides of the Tianzhu Industrial Park on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, and Pb were close to the standard reference values for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while Cu, Ni, Se, and Zn levels were found to be 1.6-2.2 times higher than the reference values. Cd and Hg concentrations were particularly concerning, at 8.0 and 6.5 times higher than reference values, respectively. The potential ecological risk indexes indicated persistent risk levels for Cd and Se across various directions and distances. Variations in soil depth and direction were observed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn, underscoring the need for regular or long-term monitoring. Cd, in particular, presents a significant hazard due to its high concentration and its propensity for uptake by plants in the study area.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Juan Qi
creator: Xin Lu
creator: Ninggang Sai
creator: Yanjun Liu
creator: Wangyi Du
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Ecology
subject: Soil Science
subject: Environmental Contamination and Remediation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18510
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2024 Qi et al.
abstract: Industrial parks in China are centers of intensive chemical manufacturing and other industrial activities, often concentrated in relatively small areas. This concentration increases the risk of soil pollution both within the parks and in surrounding areas. The soils of the Tibetan Plateau, known for their high sensitivity to environmental changes, are particularly vulnerable to human activity. In this study, we examined the concentrations (mg/kg) of 10 metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in soils at depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm from the surface at three distances (500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m from the park boundary) on the east, south, west, and north sides of the Tianzhu Industrial Park on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, and Pb were close to the standard reference values for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while Cu, Ni, Se, and Zn levels were found to be 1.6-2.2 times higher than the reference values. Cd and Hg concentrations were particularly concerning, at 8.0 and 6.5 times higher than reference values, respectively. The potential ecological risk indexes indicated persistent risk levels for Cd and Se across various directions and distances. Variations in soil depth and direction were observed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn, underscoring the need for regular or long-term monitoring. Cd, in particular, presents a significant hazard due to its high concentration and its propensity for uptake by plants in the study area.
bibliographic citation: Qi et al. (2024) Heavy metal concentrations in soil and ecological risk assessment in the vicinity of Tianzhu Industrial Park, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PeerJ 12:e18510 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18510
date submitted: 2024-07-04
date accepted: 2024-10-21
issued: 2024-11-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Qi
  given name: Juan
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Xin
author list: Agent
  family name: Sai
  given name: Ninggang
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Yanjun
author list: Agent
  family name: Du
  given name: Wangyi
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18510
volume: 12
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2024-11-15
copyright: ©2024 Qi et al.
attribution name: Qi et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359