PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Vocal correlates of individual sooty mangabey travel speed and direction
items: Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues
items: Engineering a light-controlled F1 ATPase using structure-based protein design
items: Site fidelity, size, and morphology may differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Perciformes-Gobiidae), in Eastern Australia
items: Three-dimensional geometrical changes of the human tibialis anterior muscle and its central aponeurosis measured with three-dimensional ultrasound during isometric contractions
items: Perception of the risk of adverse reactions to analgesics: differences between medical students and residents
items: A simple grid implementation with Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing using BLAST as a model
items: The potential effects of climate change on amphibian distribution, range fragmentation and turnover in China
items: What are the probable predictors of urinary incontinence during pregnancy?
items: Further evidence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) latency: high levels of ChHV5 DNA detected in clinically healthy marine turtles

Vocal correlates of individual sooty mangabey travel speed and direction
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Many group-living animals coordinate movements with acoustic signals, but so far most studies have focused on how group movements are initiated. In this study, we investigated movement patterns of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), a mostly terrestrial, forest-dwelling primate. We provide quantitative results showing that vocalization rates of mangabey subgroups, but not of focal individuals, correlated with focal individuals’ current movement patterns. More interestingly, vocal behaviour predicted whether individuals changed future speed, and possibly future travel direction. The role of vocalizations as a potential mechanism for the regulation of group movement was further highlighted by interaction effects that include subgroup size and the quality of poly-specific associations. Collectively, our results suggest that primate vocal behaviour can function beyond travel initiation in coordination and regulation of group movements.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Christof Neumann
creator: Klaus Zuberbühler
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Ecology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2298
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Neumann & Zuberbühler
abstract: Many group-living animals coordinate movements with acoustic signals, but so far most studies have focused on how group movements are initiated. In this study, we investigated movement patterns of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), a mostly terrestrial, forest-dwelling primate. We provide quantitative results showing that vocalization rates of mangabey subgroups, but not of focal individuals, correlated with focal individuals’ current movement patterns. More interestingly, vocal behaviour predicted whether individuals changed future speed, and possibly future travel direction. The role of vocalizations as a potential mechanism for the regulation of group movement was further highlighted by interaction effects that include subgroup size and the quality of poly-specific associations. Collectively, our results suggest that primate vocal behaviour can function beyond travel initiation in coordination and regulation of group movements.
bibliographic citation: Neumann et al. (2016) Vocal correlates of individual sooty mangabey travel speed and direction. PeerJ 4:e2298 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2298
date submitted: 2016-04-12
date accepted: 2016-07-06
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Neumann
  given name: Christof
author list: Agent
  family name: Zuberbühler
  given name: Klaus
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2298
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: © 2016 Neumann & Zuberbühler
attribution name: Neumann & Zuberbühler

Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Larvae of the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata must complete a transition from the plankton, where they are highly dispersed, to an aggregated group of benthic adults. Previous research has shown that selective settlement of larvae on conspecific adults is mediated by a water-borne chemical cue. However, variable experimental conditions have been used to study this cue, and standardization is needed in order to investigate factors that may have weak effects on settlement. In this study, we developed a time-course bioassay based on a full-factorial design with temporal blocking and statistical analysis of larval settlement rates in the lab. We tested this bioassay by examining settlement in the presence of an abiotic cue (KCl), and biotic cues (water conditioned with adult conspecifics and conspecific pedal mucus). Results confirmed settlement in the presence of both KCl and adult-conditioned water, and discovered the induction of settlement by pedal mucus. This optimized, standardized bioassay will be used in future experiments to characterize the complex process of larval settlement in C. fornicata, particularly to measure components of potentially small effect.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Abigail E. Cahill
creator: Spencer A. Koury
subject: Ecology
subject: Marine Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2295
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Cahill and Koury
abstract: Larvae of the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata must complete a transition from the plankton, where they are highly dispersed, to an aggregated group of benthic adults. Previous research has shown that selective settlement of larvae on conspecific adults is mediated by a water-borne chemical cue. However, variable experimental conditions have been used to study this cue, and standardization is needed in order to investigate factors that may have weak effects on settlement. In this study, we developed a time-course bioassay based on a full-factorial design with temporal blocking and statistical analysis of larval settlement rates in the lab. We tested this bioassay by examining settlement in the presence of an abiotic cue (KCl), and biotic cues (water conditioned with adult conspecifics and conspecific pedal mucus). Results confirmed settlement in the presence of both KCl and adult-conditioned water, and discovered the induction of settlement by pedal mucus. This optimized, standardized bioassay will be used in future experiments to characterize the complex process of larval settlement in C. fornicata, particularly to measure components of potentially small effect.
bibliographic citation: Cahill et al. (2016) Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues. PeerJ 4:e2295 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2295
date submitted: 2016-05-02
date accepted: 2016-07-06
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Cahill
  given name: Abigail E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Koury
  given name: Spencer A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2295
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: ©2016 Cahill and Koury
attribution name: Cahill and Koury

Engineering a light-controlled F1 ATPase using structure-based protein design
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The F1 sub-complex of ATP synthase is a biological nanomotor that converts the free energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work with an astonishing efficiency of up to 100% (Kinosita et al., 2000). To probe the principal mechanics of the machine, I re-engineered the active site of E.coli F1 ATPase with a structure-based protein design approach: by incorporation of a site-specific, photoswitchable crosslinker, whose end-to-end distance can be modulated by illumination with light of two different wavelengths, a dynamic constraint was imposed on the inter-atomic distances of the α and β subunits. Crosslinking reduced the ATP hydrolysis activity of four designs tested in vitro and in one case created a synthetic ATPase whose activity can be reversibly modulated by subsequent illumination with near UV and blue light. The work is a first step into the direction of the long-term goal to design nanoscaled machines based on biological parts that can be precisely controlled by light.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Daniel Hoersch
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Bioengineering
subject: Biophysics
subject: Synthetic Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2286
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Hoersch
abstract: The F1 sub-complex of ATP synthase is a biological nanomotor that converts the free energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work with an astonishing efficiency of up to 100% (Kinosita et al., 2000). To probe the principal mechanics of the machine, I re-engineered the active site of E.coli F1 ATPase with a structure-based protein design approach: by incorporation of a site-specific, photoswitchable crosslinker, whose end-to-end distance can be modulated by illumination with light of two different wavelengths, a dynamic constraint was imposed on the inter-atomic distances of the α and β subunits. Crosslinking reduced the ATP hydrolysis activity of four designs tested in vitro and in one case created a synthetic ATPase whose activity can be reversibly modulated by subsequent illumination with near UV and blue light. The work is a first step into the direction of the long-term goal to design nanoscaled machines based on biological parts that can be precisely controlled by light.
bibliographic citation: Hoersch (2016) Engineering a light-controlled F1 ATPase using structure-based protein design. PeerJ 4:e2286 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2286
date submitted: 2016-04-30
date accepted: 2016-07-04
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Hoersch
  given name: Daniel
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2286
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: © 2016 Hoersch
attribution name: Hoersch

Site fidelity, size, and morphology may differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Perciformes-Gobiidae), in Eastern Australia
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The intertidal zone is a transitional environment that undergoes daily environmental fluctuations as tides rise and fall. Relatively few fish species are adapted to endure the physiological pressures of this environment. This study focused on Bathygobius cocosensis (Gobiidae), a common intertidal fish in New South Wales, Australia. We investigated whether shore height impacted site fidelity, survival probability, fish size, and morphological traits with respect to tidal height. Mark-recapture methods were used over a five month period to determine if individuals in high shore pools had greater site fidelity; fish in high tide pools were more than twice as likely to be recaptured in their original pool than fish from low tide pools. High pool individuals were, on average, smaller with larger eyes and longer snouts relative to their size as compared to low pool individuals. We discuss several mechanisms that could cause the observed pattern in morphological variation. Ultimately, this study suggests that within species behaviour and morphology differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Lucie A. Malard
creator: Katrina McGuigan
creator: Cynthia Riginos
subject: Ecology
subject: Marine Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2263
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Malard et al.
abstract: The intertidal zone is a transitional environment that undergoes daily environmental fluctuations as tides rise and fall. Relatively few fish species are adapted to endure the physiological pressures of this environment. This study focused on Bathygobius cocosensis (Gobiidae), a common intertidal fish in New South Wales, Australia. We investigated whether shore height impacted site fidelity, survival probability, fish size, and morphological traits with respect to tidal height. Mark-recapture methods were used over a five month period to determine if individuals in high shore pools had greater site fidelity; fish in high tide pools were more than twice as likely to be recaptured in their original pool than fish from low tide pools. High pool individuals were, on average, smaller with larger eyes and longer snouts relative to their size as compared to low pool individuals. We discuss several mechanisms that could cause the observed pattern in morphological variation. Ultimately, this study suggests that within species behaviour and morphology differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish.
bibliographic citation: Malard et al. (2016) Site fidelity, size, and morphology may differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Perciformes-Gobiidae), in Eastern Australia. PeerJ 4:e2263 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2263
date submitted: 2016-05-26
date accepted: 2016-06-27
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Malard
  given name: Lucie A.
author list: Agent
  family name: McGuigan
  given name: Katrina
author list: Agent
  family name: Riginos
  given name: Cynthia
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2263
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: ©2016 Malard et al.
attribution name: Malard et al.

Three-dimensional geometrical changes of the human tibialis anterior muscle and its central aponeurosis measured with three-dimensional ultrasound during isometric contractions
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background. Muscles not only shorten during contraction to perform mechanical work, but they also bulge radially because of the isovolumetric constraint on muscle fibres. Muscle bulging may have important implications for muscle performance, however quantifying three-dimensional (3D) muscle shape changes in human muscle is problematic because of difficulties with sustaining contractions for the duration of an in vivo scan. Although two-dimensional ultrasound imaging is useful for measuring local muscle deformations, assumptions must be made about global muscle shape changes, which could lead to errors in fully understanding the mechanical behaviour of muscle and its surrounding connective tissues, such as aponeurosis. Therefore, the aims of this investigation were (a) to determine the intra-session reliability of a novel 3D ultrasound (3DUS) imaging method for measuring in vivo human muscle and aponeurosis deformations and (b) to examine how contraction intensity influences in vivo human muscle and aponeurosis strains during isometric contractions. Methods. Participants (n = 12) were seated in a reclined position with their left knee extended and ankle at 90° and performed isometric dorsiflexion contractions up to 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. 3DUS scans of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle belly were performed during the contractions and at rest to assess muscle volume, muscle length, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle thickness and width, fascicle length and pennation angle, and central aponeurosis width and length. The 3DUS scan involved synchronous B-mode ultrasound imaging and 3D motion capture of the position and orientation of the ultrasound transducer, while successive cross-sectional slices were captured by sweeping the transducer along the muscle. Results. 3DUS was shown to be highly reliable across measures of muscle volume, muscle length, fascicle length and central aponeurosis length (ICC ≥ 0.98, CV < 1%). The TA remained isovolumetric across c…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Brent J. Raiteri
creator: Andrew G. Cresswell
creator: Glen A. Lichtwark
subject: Bioengineering
subject: Anatomy and Physiology
subject: Kinesiology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2260
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Raiteri et al.
abstract: Background. Muscles not only shorten during contraction to perform mechanical work, but they also bulge radially because of the isovolumetric constraint on muscle fibres. Muscle bulging may have important implications for muscle performance, however quantifying three-dimensional (3D) muscle shape changes in human muscle is problematic because of difficulties with sustaining contractions for the duration of an in vivo scan. Although two-dimensional ultrasound imaging is useful for measuring local muscle deformations, assumptions must be made about global muscle shape changes, which could lead to errors in fully understanding the mechanical behaviour of muscle and its surrounding connective tissues, such as aponeurosis. Therefore, the aims of this investigation were (a) to determine the intra-session reliability of a novel 3D ultrasound (3DUS) imaging method for measuring in vivo human muscle and aponeurosis deformations and (b) to examine how contraction intensity influences in vivo human muscle and aponeurosis strains during isometric contractions. Methods. Participants (n = 12) were seated in a reclined position with their left knee extended and ankle at 90° and performed isometric dorsiflexion contractions up to 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. 3DUS scans of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle belly were performed during the contractions and at rest to assess muscle volume, muscle length, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle thickness and width, fascicle length and pennation angle, and central aponeurosis width and length. The 3DUS scan involved synchronous B-mode ultrasound imaging and 3D motion capture of the position and orientation of the ultrasound transducer, while successive cross-sectional slices were captured by sweeping the transducer along the muscle. Results. 3DUS was shown to be highly reliable across measures of muscle volume, muscle length, fascicle length and central aponeurosis length (ICC ≥ 0.98, CV < 1%). The TA remained isovolumetric across c…
bibliographic citation: Raiteri et al. (2016) Three-dimensional geometrical changes of the human tibialis anterior muscle and its central aponeurosis measured with three-dimensional ultrasound during isometric contractions. PeerJ 4:e2260 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2260
date submitted: 2016-04-26
date accepted: 2016-06-25
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Raiteri
  given name: Brent J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Cresswell
  given name: Andrew G.
author list: Agent
  family name: Lichtwark
  given name: Glen A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2260
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: ©2016 Raiteri et al.
attribution name: Raiteri et al.

Perception of the risk of adverse reactions to analgesics: differences between medical students and residents
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background. Medications are not exempt from adverse drug reactions (ADR) and how the physician perceives the risk of prescription drugs could influence their availability to report ADR and their prescription behavior. Methods. We assess the perception of risk and the perception of ADR associated with COX2-Inbitors, paracetamol, NSAIDs, and morphine in medical students and residents of northeast of Mexico. Results. The analgesic with the highest risk perception in both group of students was morphine, while the drug with the least risk perceived was paracetamol. Addiction and gastrointestinal bleeding were the ADR with the highest score for morphine and NSAIDs respectively. Discussion. Our findings show that medical students give higher risk scores than residents toward risk due to analgesics. Continuing training and informing physicians about ADRs is necessary since the lack of training is known to induce inadequate use of drugs.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Sandra Castillo-Guzman
creator: Omar González-Santiago
creator: Ismael A. Delgado-Leal
creator: Gerardo E. Lozano-Luévano
creator: Misael J. Reyes-Rodríguez
creator: César V. Elizondo-Solis
creator: Teresa A. Nava-Obregón
creator: Dionicio Palacios-Ríos
subject: Anesthesiology and Pain Management
subject: Drugs and Devices
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Public Health
subject: Science and Medical Education
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2255
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Castillo-Guzman et al.
abstract: Background. Medications are not exempt from adverse drug reactions (ADR) and how the physician perceives the risk of prescription drugs could influence their availability to report ADR and their prescription behavior. Methods. We assess the perception of risk and the perception of ADR associated with COX2-Inbitors, paracetamol, NSAIDs, and morphine in medical students and residents of northeast of Mexico. Results. The analgesic with the highest risk perception in both group of students was morphine, while the drug with the least risk perceived was paracetamol. Addiction and gastrointestinal bleeding were the ADR with the highest score for morphine and NSAIDs respectively. Discussion. Our findings show that medical students give higher risk scores than residents toward risk due to analgesics. Continuing training and informing physicians about ADRs is necessary since the lack of training is known to induce inadequate use of drugs.
bibliographic citation: Castillo-Guzman et al. (2016) Perception of the risk of adverse reactions to analgesics: differences between medical students and residents. PeerJ 4:e2255 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2255
date submitted: 2016-03-20
date accepted: 2016-06-23
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Castillo-Guzman
  given name: Sandra
author list: Agent
  family name: González-Santiago
  given name: Omar
author list: Agent
  family name: Delgado-Leal
  given name: Ismael A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Lozano-Luévano
  given name: Gerardo E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Reyes-Rodríguez
  given name: Misael J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Elizondo-Solis
  given name: César V.
author list: Agent
  family name: Nava-Obregón
  given name: Teresa A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Palacios-Ríos
  given name: Dionicio
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2255
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: ©2016 Castillo-Guzman et al.
attribution name: Castillo-Guzman et al.

A simple grid implementation with Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing using BLAST as a model
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Development of high-throughput technologies, such as Next-generation sequencing, allows thousands of experiments to be performed simultaneously while reducing resource requirement. Consequently, a massive amount of experiment data is now rapidly generated. Nevertheless, the data are not readily usable or meaningful until they are further analysed and interpreted. Due to the size of the data, a high performance computer (HPC) is required for the analysis and interpretation. However, the HPC is expensive and difficult to access. Other means were developed to allow researchers to acquire the power of HPC without a need to purchase and maintain one such as cloud computing services and grid computing system. In this study, we implemented grid computing in a computer training center environment using Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) as a job distributor and data manager combining all desktop computers to virtualize the HPC. Fifty desktop computers were used for setting up a grid system during the off-hours. In order to test the performance of the grid system, we adapted the Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) to the BOINC system. Sequencing results from Illumina platform were aligned to the human genome database by BLAST on the grid system. The result and processing time were compared to those from a single desktop computer and HPC. The estimated durations of BLAST analysis for 4 million sequence reads on a desktop PC, HPC and the grid system were 568, 24 and 5 days, respectively. Thus, the grid implementation of BLAST by BOINC is an efficient alternative to the HPC for sequence alignment. The grid implementation by BOINC also helped tap unused computing resources during the off-hours and could be easily modified for other available bioinformatics software.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Watthanai Pinthong
creator: Panya Muangruen
creator: Prapat Suriyaphol
creator: Dumrong Mairiang
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Computational Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2248
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Pinthong et al.
abstract: Development of high-throughput technologies, such as Next-generation sequencing, allows thousands of experiments to be performed simultaneously while reducing resource requirement. Consequently, a massive amount of experiment data is now rapidly generated. Nevertheless, the data are not readily usable or meaningful until they are further analysed and interpreted. Due to the size of the data, a high performance computer (HPC) is required for the analysis and interpretation. However, the HPC is expensive and difficult to access. Other means were developed to allow researchers to acquire the power of HPC without a need to purchase and maintain one such as cloud computing services and grid computing system. In this study, we implemented grid computing in a computer training center environment using Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) as a job distributor and data manager combining all desktop computers to virtualize the HPC. Fifty desktop computers were used for setting up a grid system during the off-hours. In order to test the performance of the grid system, we adapted the Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) to the BOINC system. Sequencing results from Illumina platform were aligned to the human genome database by BLAST on the grid system. The result and processing time were compared to those from a single desktop computer and HPC. The estimated durations of BLAST analysis for 4 million sequence reads on a desktop PC, HPC and the grid system were 568, 24 and 5 days, respectively. Thus, the grid implementation of BLAST by BOINC is an efficient alternative to the HPC for sequence alignment. The grid implementation by BOINC also helped tap unused computing resources during the off-hours and could be easily modified for other available bioinformatics software.
bibliographic citation: Pinthong et al. (2016) A simple grid implementation with Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing using BLAST as a model. PeerJ 4:e2248 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2248
date submitted: 2016-02-03
date accepted: 2016-06-22
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Pinthong
  given name: Watthanai
author list: Agent
  family name: Muangruen
  given name: Panya
author list: Agent
  family name: Suriyaphol
  given name: Prapat
author list: Agent
  family name: Mairiang
  given name: Dumrong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2248
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: ©2016 Pinthong et al.
attribution name: Pinthong et al.

The potential effects of climate change on amphibian distribution, range fragmentation and turnover in China
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Many studies predict that climate change will cause species movement and turnover, but few have considered the effect of climate change on range fragmentation for current species and/or populations. We used MaxEnt to predict suitable habitat, fragmentation and turnover for 134 amphibian species in China under 40 future climate change scenarios spanning four pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5) and two time periods (the 2050s and 2070s). Our results show that climate change may cause a major shift in spatial patterns of amphibian diversity. Amphibians in China would lose 20% of their original ranges on average; the distribution outside current ranges would increase by 15%. Suitable habitats for over 90% of species will be located in the north of their current range, for over 95% of species in higher altitudes (from currently 137–4,124 m to 286–4,396 m in the 2050s or 314–4,448 m in the 2070s), and for over 75% of species in the west of their current range. Also, our results predict two different general responses to the climate change: some species contract their ranges while moving westwards, southwards and to higher altitudes, while others expand their ranges. Finally, our analyses indicate that range dynamics and fragmentation are related, which means that the effects of climate change on Chinese amphibians might be two-folded.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ren-Yan Duan
creator: Xiao-Quan Kong
creator: Min-Yi Huang
creator: Sara Varela
creator: Xiang Ji
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2185
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Duan et al.
abstract: Many studies predict that climate change will cause species movement and turnover, but few have considered the effect of climate change on range fragmentation for current species and/or populations. We used MaxEnt to predict suitable habitat, fragmentation and turnover for 134 amphibian species in China under 40 future climate change scenarios spanning four pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5) and two time periods (the 2050s and 2070s). Our results show that climate change may cause a major shift in spatial patterns of amphibian diversity. Amphibians in China would lose 20% of their original ranges on average; the distribution outside current ranges would increase by 15%. Suitable habitats for over 90% of species will be located in the north of their current range, for over 95% of species in higher altitudes (from currently 137–4,124 m to 286–4,396 m in the 2050s or 314–4,448 m in the 2070s), and for over 75% of species in the west of their current range. Also, our results predict two different general responses to the climate change: some species contract their ranges while moving westwards, southwards and to higher altitudes, while others expand their ranges. Finally, our analyses indicate that range dynamics and fragmentation are related, which means that the effects of climate change on Chinese amphibians might be two-folded.
bibliographic citation: Duan et al. (2016) The potential effects of climate change on amphibian distribution, range fragmentation and turnover in China. PeerJ 4:e2185 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2185
date submitted: 2016-01-25
date accepted: 2016-06-07
issued: 2016-07-28
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Duan
  given name: Ren-Yan
author list: Agent
  family name: Kong
  given name: Xiao-Quan
author list: Agent
  family name: Huang
  given name: Min-Yi
author list: Agent
  family name: Varela
  given name: Sara
author list: Agent
  family name: Ji
  given name: Xiang
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2185
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-28
copyright: © 2016 Duan et al.
attribution name: Duan et al.

What are the probable predictors of urinary incontinence during pregnancy?
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Objectives. The frequency, predisposing factors and impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL) during pregnancy were investigated. Materials and Method. A preliminary cross-sectional survey was studied among pregnant women between January and July of 2014. A total of 132 pregnant women were recruited using a questionnaire form for sociodemographic features, the Turkish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), for the characteristics of UI and Wagner’s Quality of Life scale to assess impact on QoL. p < 0.05 was set significant. Results.Urinary incontinence was present in 56 out of 132 pregnant women (42.4%, UI-present group): mean age, 26.7 ± 5.4y(p = 0.780); median height, 160 cm (min–max: 153–176, p = 0.037); median BMI, 28.7 kg/m2(min–max: 22.4–50.0, p = 0.881); urine leakage occurred per week once (n = 18, 32.1%), twice or thrice (n = 8, 14.3%); per day few times (n = 14, 25%), once (n = 5, 8.9%) and always (n = 8, 14.3%) with mainly a small amount of urine leakage (n = 33, 58.9%) or a moderate (n = 4, 7.1%). There were statistically significant relationships between QoL scores and frequency of UI (p = 0.002) or amount of leakage (p = 0.002). Impact on QoL scores ranged from mild (n = 33, 58.9%), moderate (n = 4, 7.1%) to severe (n = 4, 7.1%) levels in daily life. UI impacted the daily life activities of women by making them less likely to undertake activities outside their homes (23.2%), by affecting their working performance and friendships (8.9%), their daily home activities (7.1%), their general health status (12.5%), their sexual relations (12.5%), by making them more nervous or anxious (10.7%) and by the need to wear pads or protectors (25%). ANOVA, Tukey, and Tamhane tests as the minimal important difference model yielded significant relevance between statistical analyses and clinical outcomes by using standard deviations (p = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.005 respectively). The following features favored the o…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Nejat Demircan
creator: Ülkü Özmen
creator: Fürüzan Köktürk
creator: Hamdi Küçük
creator: Şevket Ata
creator: Müge Harma
creator: İnan İlker Arıkan
subject: Gynecology and Obstetrics
subject: Health Policy
subject: Nursing
subject: Urology
subject: Women's Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2283
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Demircan et al.
abstract: Objectives. The frequency, predisposing factors and impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL) during pregnancy were investigated. Materials and Method. A preliminary cross-sectional survey was studied among pregnant women between January and July of 2014. A total of 132 pregnant women were recruited using a questionnaire form for sociodemographic features, the Turkish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), for the characteristics of UI and Wagner’s Quality of Life scale to assess impact on QoL. p < 0.05 was set significant. Results.Urinary incontinence was present in 56 out of 132 pregnant women (42.4%, UI-present group): mean age, 26.7 ± 5.4y(p = 0.780); median height, 160 cm (min–max: 153–176, p = 0.037); median BMI, 28.7 kg/m2(min–max: 22.4–50.0, p = 0.881); urine leakage occurred per week once (n = 18, 32.1%), twice or thrice (n = 8, 14.3%); per day few times (n = 14, 25%), once (n = 5, 8.9%) and always (n = 8, 14.3%) with mainly a small amount of urine leakage (n = 33, 58.9%) or a moderate (n = 4, 7.1%). There were statistically significant relationships between QoL scores and frequency of UI (p = 0.002) or amount of leakage (p = 0.002). Impact on QoL scores ranged from mild (n = 33, 58.9%), moderate (n = 4, 7.1%) to severe (n = 4, 7.1%) levels in daily life. UI impacted the daily life activities of women by making them less likely to undertake activities outside their homes (23.2%), by affecting their working performance and friendships (8.9%), their daily home activities (7.1%), their general health status (12.5%), their sexual relations (12.5%), by making them more nervous or anxious (10.7%) and by the need to wear pads or protectors (25%). ANOVA, Tukey, and Tamhane tests as the minimal important difference model yielded significant relevance between statistical analyses and clinical outcomes by using standard deviations (p = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.005 respectively). The following features favored the o…
bibliographic citation: Demircan et al. (2016) What are the probable predictors of urinary incontinence during pregnancy?. PeerJ 4:e2283 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2283
date submitted: 2016-03-20
date accepted: 2016-07-03
issued: 2016-07-27
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Demircan
  given name: Nejat
author list: Agent
  family name: Özmen
  given name: Ülkü
author list: Agent
  family name: Köktürk
  given name: Fürüzan
author list: Agent
  family name: Küçük
  given name: Hamdi
author list: Agent
  family name: Ata
  given name: Şevket
author list: Agent
  family name: Harma
  given name: Müge
author list: Agent
  family name: Arıkan
  given name: İnan İlker
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2283
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-27
copyright: ©2016 Demircan et al.
attribution name: Demircan et al.

Further evidence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) latency: high levels of ChHV5 DNA detected in clinically healthy marine turtles
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been consistently associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a transmissible neoplastic disease of marine turtles. Whether ChHV5 plays a causal role remains debated, partly because while FP tumours have been clearly documented to contain high concentrations of ChHV5 DNA, recent PCR-based studies have demonstrated that large proportions of asymptomatic marine turtles are also carriers of ChHV5. We used a real-time PCR assay to quantify the levels of ChHV5 Glycoprotein B (gB) DNA in both tumour and non-tumour skin tissues, from clinically affected and healthy turtles drawn from distant ocean basins across four species. In agreement with previous studies, higher ratios of viral to host DNA were consistently observed in tumour versus non-tumour tissues in turtles with FP. Unexpectedly however, the levels of ChHV5 gB DNA in clinically healthy turtles were significantly higher than in non-tumour tissues from FP positive turtles. Thus, a large proportion of clinically healthy sea turtle populations worldwide across species carry ChHV5 gB DNA presumably through persistent latent infections. ChHV5 appears to be ubiquitous regardless of the animals’ clinical conditions. Hence, these results support the theory that ChHV5 is a near ubiquitous virus with latency characteristics requiring co-factors, possibly environmental or immune related, to induce FP.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
creator: Anders Miki Bojesen
creator: Mads F. Bertelsen
creator: Nathan Wales
creator: George H. Balazs
creator: M. Thomas P. Gilbert
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Virology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2274
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Alfaro-Núñez et al.
abstract: The Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been consistently associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a transmissible neoplastic disease of marine turtles. Whether ChHV5 plays a causal role remains debated, partly because while FP tumours have been clearly documented to contain high concentrations of ChHV5 DNA, recent PCR-based studies have demonstrated that large proportions of asymptomatic marine turtles are also carriers of ChHV5. We used a real-time PCR assay to quantify the levels of ChHV5 Glycoprotein B (gB) DNA in both tumour and non-tumour skin tissues, from clinically affected and healthy turtles drawn from distant ocean basins across four species. In agreement with previous studies, higher ratios of viral to host DNA were consistently observed in tumour versus non-tumour tissues in turtles with FP. Unexpectedly however, the levels of ChHV5 gB DNA in clinically healthy turtles were significantly higher than in non-tumour tissues from FP positive turtles. Thus, a large proportion of clinically healthy sea turtle populations worldwide across species carry ChHV5 gB DNA presumably through persistent latent infections. ChHV5 appears to be ubiquitous regardless of the animals’ clinical conditions. Hence, these results support the theory that ChHV5 is a near ubiquitous virus with latency characteristics requiring co-factors, possibly environmental or immune related, to induce FP.
bibliographic citation: Alfaro-Núñez et al. (2016) Further evidence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) latency: high levels of ChHV5 DNA detected in clinically healthy marine turtles. PeerJ 4:e2274 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2274
date submitted: 2016-03-25
date accepted: 2016-06-29
issued: 2016-07-27
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Alfaro-Núñez
  given name: Alonzo
author list: Agent
  family name: Bojesen
  given name: Anders Miki
author list: Agent
  family name: Bertelsen
  given name: Mads F.
author list: Agent
  family name: Wales
  given name: Nathan
author list: Agent
  family name: Balazs
  given name: George H.
author list: Agent
  family name: Gilbert
  given name: M. Thomas P.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2274
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-07-27
copyright: ©2016 Alfaro-Núñez et al.
attribution name: Alfaro-Núñez et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359