PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Iron overload induced death of osteoblasts in vitro: involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
items: Herbarium-based studies on taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Psilochilus (Orchidaceae)
items: Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India
items: Hydrogen peroxide induced loss of heterozygosity correlates with replicative lifespan and mitotic asymmetry in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
items: Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey
items: Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans
items: Host plant affects morphometric variation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
items: Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication
items: Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via restoring mitochondrial morphology
items: Foliar fungal communities strongly differ between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic

Iron overload induced death of osteoblasts in vitro: involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Iron overload is recognized as a new pathogenfor osteoporosis. Various studies demonstrated that iron overload could induce apoptosis in osteoblasts and osteoporosis in vivo. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the iron overload-mediated induction of apoptosis in osteoblasts has not been explored. Purpose In this study, we attempted to determine whether the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is involved in iron-induced osteoblastic cell death and to investigate the beneficial effect of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in iron-induced cytotoxicity. Methods The MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line was treated with various concentrations of ferric ion in the absence or presence of NAC, and intracellular iron, cell viability, reactive oxygen species, functionand morphology changes of mitochondria and mitochondrial apoptosis related key indicators were detected by commercial kits. In addition, to further explain potential mechanisms underlying iron overload-related osteoporosis, we also assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation potential in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stemcells(MSCs) by commercial kits. Results Ferric ion demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on osteoblasts. After incubation with iron, an elevation of intracelluar labile iron levels and a concomitant over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry in osteoblasts. Nox4 (NADPH oxidase 4), an important ROS producer, was also evaluated by western blot. Apoptosis, which was evaluated by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, and the activation of caspase-3, was detected after exposure to iron. Iron contributed to the permeabilizatio of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome C (cyto C), which, in turn, induced mitochondrial apoptosis in osteoblasts via activation of Caspase-3, up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. NAC could reverse iron-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Qing Tian
creator: Shilei Wu
creator: Zhipeng Dai
creator: Jingjing Yang
creator: Jin Zheng
creator: Qixin Zheng
creator: Yong Liu
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Diabetes and Endocrinology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2611
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Tian et al.
abstract: Background Iron overload is recognized as a new pathogenfor osteoporosis. Various studies demonstrated that iron overload could induce apoptosis in osteoblasts and osteoporosis in vivo. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the iron overload-mediated induction of apoptosis in osteoblasts has not been explored. Purpose In this study, we attempted to determine whether the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is involved in iron-induced osteoblastic cell death and to investigate the beneficial effect of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in iron-induced cytotoxicity. Methods The MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line was treated with various concentrations of ferric ion in the absence or presence of NAC, and intracellular iron, cell viability, reactive oxygen species, functionand morphology changes of mitochondria and mitochondrial apoptosis related key indicators were detected by commercial kits. In addition, to further explain potential mechanisms underlying iron overload-related osteoporosis, we also assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation potential in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stemcells(MSCs) by commercial kits. Results Ferric ion demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on osteoblasts. After incubation with iron, an elevation of intracelluar labile iron levels and a concomitant over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry in osteoblasts. Nox4 (NADPH oxidase 4), an important ROS producer, was also evaluated by western blot. Apoptosis, which was evaluated by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, and the activation of caspase-3, was detected after exposure to iron. Iron contributed to the permeabilizatio of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome C (cyto C), which, in turn, induced mitochondrial apoptosis in osteoblasts via activation of Caspase-3, up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. NAC could reverse iron-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and …
bibliographic citation: Tian et al. (2016) Iron overload induced death of osteoblasts in vitro: involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. PeerJ 4:e2611 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2611
date submitted: 2016-06-01
date accepted: 2016-09-26
issued: 2016-11-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Tian
  given name: Qing
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Shilei
author list: Agent
  family name: Dai
  given name: Zhipeng
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Jingjing
author list: Agent
  family name: Zheng
  given name: Jin
author list: Agent
  family name: Zheng
  given name: Qixin
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Yong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2611
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-08
copyright: ©2016 Tian et al.
attribution name: Tian et al.

Herbarium-based studies on taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Psilochilus (Orchidaceae)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Psilochilus is a poorly studied orchid genus distributed from southern Mexico to south-eastern Brazil. A taxonomic revision of this Neotropical endemic based on morphological data is presented. Material and Methods Over 170 dried herbarium specimens and flowers preserved in liquid of Psilochilus were analyzed. Morphological variation among examined taxa was described based on multivariate analysis. To evaluate the similarity between niches occupied by various Psilochilus species ecological niche modeling (ENM) was applied. Species richness and the distribution patterns of Psilochilus representatives were analyzed based on squares of 5° latitude and longitude while similarities among floras between biogeographical units were measured using the Bray-Curtis index for presence/absence data. Results and Discussion A new species of the P. physurifolius-complex is described based on Central American material. Psilochilus crenatifolius is reduced to the rank of variety as P. macrophyllus var. crenatifolius. A key to 18 accepted Psilochilus species is provided. The illustrations of perianth segments of all recognized taxa are presented. The climatic niches preferred by the particular Psilochilus representatives are well separated based on ecological niche modeling analysis. Their distribution is limited mainly by the isothermality and temperature seasonality. The highest Psilochilus species richness is observed in the North Andean, Panamanian, Brazilian Planalto and Central American biogeographical provinces. A high level of endemism is observed in all those regions as well as Yungas biogeographical province. Most Psilochilus species occur in areas above 800 m of elevation. The populations were most often reported from the tropical rain forest and tropical moist deciduous forest.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Marta Kolanowska
creator: Aleksandra M. Naczk
creator: Radomir Jaskuła
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Biogeography
subject: Ecology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Taxonomy
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2600
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Kolanowska et al.
abstract: Background Psilochilus is a poorly studied orchid genus distributed from southern Mexico to south-eastern Brazil. A taxonomic revision of this Neotropical endemic based on morphological data is presented. Material and Methods Over 170 dried herbarium specimens and flowers preserved in liquid of Psilochilus were analyzed. Morphological variation among examined taxa was described based on multivariate analysis. To evaluate the similarity between niches occupied by various Psilochilus species ecological niche modeling (ENM) was applied. Species richness and the distribution patterns of Psilochilus representatives were analyzed based on squares of 5° latitude and longitude while similarities among floras between biogeographical units were measured using the Bray-Curtis index for presence/absence data. Results and Discussion A new species of the P. physurifolius-complex is described based on Central American material. Psilochilus crenatifolius is reduced to the rank of variety as P. macrophyllus var. crenatifolius. A key to 18 accepted Psilochilus species is provided. The illustrations of perianth segments of all recognized taxa are presented. The climatic niches preferred by the particular Psilochilus representatives are well separated based on ecological niche modeling analysis. Their distribution is limited mainly by the isothermality and temperature seasonality. The highest Psilochilus species richness is observed in the North Andean, Panamanian, Brazilian Planalto and Central American biogeographical provinces. A high level of endemism is observed in all those regions as well as Yungas biogeographical province. Most Psilochilus species occur in areas above 800 m of elevation. The populations were most often reported from the tropical rain forest and tropical moist deciduous forest.
bibliographic citation: Kolanowska et al. (2016) Herbarium-based studies on taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Psilochilus (Orchidaceae). PeerJ 4:e2600 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2600
date submitted: 2016-05-20
date accepted: 2016-09-23
issued: 2016-11-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Kolanowska
  given name: Marta
author list: Agent
  family name: Naczk
  given name: Aleksandra M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Jaskuła
  given name: Radomir
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2600
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-08
copyright: © 2016 Kolanowska et al.
attribution name: Kolanowska et al.

Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Introduction There exist several barriers to maternal health service utilization in developing countries. Most of the previous studies conducted in India have focused on demand-side barriers, while only a few have touched upon supply-side barriers. None of the previous studies in India have investigated the factors that affect maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers (HSCs) in India, despite the fact that these institutions, which are the geographically closest available public health care facilities in rural areas, play a significant role in providing affordable maternal health care. Therefore, this study aims to examine the supply-side determinants of maternal service utilization at HSCs in rural India. Data and Methods This study uses health facility data from the nationally representative District-Level Household Survey, which was administered in 2007–2008 to examine the effect of supply-side variables on the utilization of maternal health care services across HSCs in rural India. Since the dependent variables (the number of antenatal registrations, in-facility deliveries, and postnatal care services) are count variables and exhibit considerable variability, the data were analyzed using negative binomial regression instead of Poisson regression. Results The results show that those HSCs run by a contractual auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) are likely to offer a lower volume of services when compared to those run by a permanent ANM. The availability of obstetric drugs, weighing scales, and blood pressure equipment is associated with the increased utilization of antenatal and postnatal services. The unavailability of a labor/examination table and bed screen is associated with a reduction in the number of deliveries and postnatal services. The utilization of services is expected to increase if essential facilities, such as water, telephones, toilets, and electricity, are available at the HSCs. Monitoring of ANM’s work by Village Health and Sanitation Comm…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Aditya Singh
subject: Global Health
subject: Health Policy
subject: Nursing
subject: Public Health
subject: Women's Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2675
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Singh
abstract: Introduction There exist several barriers to maternal health service utilization in developing countries. Most of the previous studies conducted in India have focused on demand-side barriers, while only a few have touched upon supply-side barriers. None of the previous studies in India have investigated the factors that affect maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers (HSCs) in India, despite the fact that these institutions, which are the geographically closest available public health care facilities in rural areas, play a significant role in providing affordable maternal health care. Therefore, this study aims to examine the supply-side determinants of maternal service utilization at HSCs in rural India. Data and Methods This study uses health facility data from the nationally representative District-Level Household Survey, which was administered in 2007–2008 to examine the effect of supply-side variables on the utilization of maternal health care services across HSCs in rural India. Since the dependent variables (the number of antenatal registrations, in-facility deliveries, and postnatal care services) are count variables and exhibit considerable variability, the data were analyzed using negative binomial regression instead of Poisson regression. Results The results show that those HSCs run by a contractual auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) are likely to offer a lower volume of services when compared to those run by a permanent ANM. The availability of obstetric drugs, weighing scales, and blood pressure equipment is associated with the increased utilization of antenatal and postnatal services. The unavailability of a labor/examination table and bed screen is associated with a reduction in the number of deliveries and postnatal services. The utilization of services is expected to increase if essential facilities, such as water, telephones, toilets, and electricity, are available at the HSCs. Monitoring of ANM’s work by Village Health and Sanitation Comm…
bibliographic citation: Singh (2016) Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India. PeerJ 4:e2675 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2675
date submitted: 2016-06-23
date accepted: 2016-10-11
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Singh
  given name: Aditya
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2675
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: ©2016 Singh
attribution name: Singh

Hydrogen peroxide induced loss of heterozygosity correlates with replicative lifespan and mitotic asymmetry in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Cellular aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can lead to genomic instability and impaired mitotic asymmetry. To investigate the role of oxidative stress in cellular aging, we examined the effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide on genomic instability and mitotic asymmetry in a collection of yeast strains with diverse backgrounds. We treated yeast cells with hydrogen peroxide and monitored the changes of viability and the frequencies of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in response to hydrogen peroxide doses. The mid-transition points of viability and LOH were quantified using sigmoid mathematical functions. We found that the increase of hydrogen peroxide dependent genomic instability often occurs before a drop in viability. We previously observed that elevation of genomic instability generally lags behind the drop in viability during chronological aging. Hence, onset of genomic instability induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide treatment is opposite to that induced by endogenous oxidative stress during chronological aging, with regards to the midpoint of viability. This contrast argues that the effect of endogenous oxidative stress on genome integrity is well suppressed up to the dying-off phase during chronological aging. We found that the leadoff of exogenous hydrogen peroxide induced genomic instability to viability significantly correlated with replicative lifespan (RLS), indicating that yeast cells’ ability to counter oxidative stress contributes to their replicative longevity. Surprisingly, this leadoff is positively correlated with an inverse measure of endogenous mitotic asymmetry, indicating a trade-off between mitotic asymmetry and cell’s ability to fend off hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Overall, our results demonstrate strong associations of oxidative stress to genomic instability and mitotic asymmetry at the population level of budding yeast.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Emine Güven
creator: Lindsay A. Parnell
creator: Erin D. Jackson
creator: Meighan C. Parker
creator: Nilin Gupta
creator: Jenny Rodrigues
creator: Hong Qin
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Mathematical Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2671
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Guven et al.
abstract: Cellular aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can lead to genomic instability and impaired mitotic asymmetry. To investigate the role of oxidative stress in cellular aging, we examined the effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide on genomic instability and mitotic asymmetry in a collection of yeast strains with diverse backgrounds. We treated yeast cells with hydrogen peroxide and monitored the changes of viability and the frequencies of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in response to hydrogen peroxide doses. The mid-transition points of viability and LOH were quantified using sigmoid mathematical functions. We found that the increase of hydrogen peroxide dependent genomic instability often occurs before a drop in viability. We previously observed that elevation of genomic instability generally lags behind the drop in viability during chronological aging. Hence, onset of genomic instability induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide treatment is opposite to that induced by endogenous oxidative stress during chronological aging, with regards to the midpoint of viability. This contrast argues that the effect of endogenous oxidative stress on genome integrity is well suppressed up to the dying-off phase during chronological aging. We found that the leadoff of exogenous hydrogen peroxide induced genomic instability to viability significantly correlated with replicative lifespan (RLS), indicating that yeast cells’ ability to counter oxidative stress contributes to their replicative longevity. Surprisingly, this leadoff is positively correlated with an inverse measure of endogenous mitotic asymmetry, indicating a trade-off between mitotic asymmetry and cell’s ability to fend off hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Overall, our results demonstrate strong associations of oxidative stress to genomic instability and mitotic asymmetry at the population level of budding yeast.
bibliographic citation: Güven et al. (2016) Hydrogen peroxide induced loss of heterozygosity correlates with replicative lifespan and mitotic asymmetry in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PeerJ 4:e2671 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2671
date submitted: 2016-05-26
date accepted: 2016-10-09
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Güven
  given name: Emine
author list: Agent
  family name: Parnell
  given name: Lindsay A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Jackson
  given name: Erin D.
author list: Agent
  family name: Parker
  given name: Meighan C.
author list: Agent
  family name: Gupta
  given name: Nilin
author list: Agent
  family name: Rodrigues
  given name: Jenny
author list: Agent
  family name: Qin
  given name: Hong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2671
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Guven et al.
attribution name: Guven et al.

Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s biggest public health issues, and the situation in China is particularly grave. The objective of this study is to investigate the antibiotics usage pattern among Chinese children and provide further insight in developing strategies for promoting public health education. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, in the study, participants are from 53,665 guardians of children aged 0–6 years, who were recruited with multistage stratified random cluster sampling in 2013/2014 from 46 community health centers in 14 provinces across China Mainland. Children’s guardians completed surveys on their previous experience on using antibiotics in treating diarrhea of their children without a prescription from any pediatrician. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for the association between antibiotic use and its predictors were estimated using multilevel logistic regression models, with antibiotic rational use group as a reference group. Results The prevalence of antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in the eastern, middle and western areas of China and associations between antibiotic misuse and its predictors were studied. The average rate of antibiotic misuse is 35.12%. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that living in urban areas (OR = 0.79 (0.76, 0.83)), female children (OR = 0.92 (0.88, 0.96)), guardians having higher education (OR = 0.60 (0.55, 0.66)), being raised by parents (OR = 0.90 (0.85, 0.94)), guardians having basic health knowledge (OR = 0.82 (0.79, 0.86)) are protective factors and children’s age (1–3 years OR = 1.62 (1.54, 1.71)); 4–6 years OR = 1.90 (1.77, 2.03)) is a risk factor of antibiotic misuse among children aged 0–6 years with diarrhea in China. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that there has been a high rate of antibiotic misuse without a prescription in children with diarrhea in China, which requires considerable attention. Suitable regulations and interventions ar…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ruili Li
creator: Feng Xiao
creator: Xiaoguo Zheng
creator: Huimin Yang
creator: Lihong Wang
creator: Delu Yin
creator: Tao Yin
creator: Qianqian Xin
creator: Bowen Chen
subject: Pediatrics
subject: Public Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2668
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Li et al.
abstract: Background Antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s biggest public health issues, and the situation in China is particularly grave. The objective of this study is to investigate the antibiotics usage pattern among Chinese children and provide further insight in developing strategies for promoting public health education. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, in the study, participants are from 53,665 guardians of children aged 0–6 years, who were recruited with multistage stratified random cluster sampling in 2013/2014 from 46 community health centers in 14 provinces across China Mainland. Children’s guardians completed surveys on their previous experience on using antibiotics in treating diarrhea of their children without a prescription from any pediatrician. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for the association between antibiotic use and its predictors were estimated using multilevel logistic regression models, with antibiotic rational use group as a reference group. Results The prevalence of antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in the eastern, middle and western areas of China and associations between antibiotic misuse and its predictors were studied. The average rate of antibiotic misuse is 35.12%. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that living in urban areas (OR = 0.79 (0.76, 0.83)), female children (OR = 0.92 (0.88, 0.96)), guardians having higher education (OR = 0.60 (0.55, 0.66)), being raised by parents (OR = 0.90 (0.85, 0.94)), guardians having basic health knowledge (OR = 0.82 (0.79, 0.86)) are protective factors and children’s age (1–3 years OR = 1.62 (1.54, 1.71)); 4–6 years OR = 1.90 (1.77, 2.03)) is a risk factor of antibiotic misuse among children aged 0–6 years with diarrhea in China. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that there has been a high rate of antibiotic misuse without a prescription in children with diarrhea in China, which requires considerable attention. Suitable regulations and interventions ar…
bibliographic citation: Li et al. (2016) Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey. PeerJ 4:e2668 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2668
date submitted: 2016-05-30
date accepted: 2016-10-08
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Ruili
author list: Agent
  family name: Xiao
  given name: Feng
author list: Agent
  family name: Zheng
  given name: Xiaoguo
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Huimin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Lihong
author list: Agent
  family name: Yin
  given name: Delu
author list: Agent
  family name: Yin
  given name: Tao
author list: Agent
  family name: Xin
  given name: Qianqian
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Bowen
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2668
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Li et al.
attribution name: Li et al.

Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: As space flight becomes more accessible in the future, humans will be exposed to gravity conditions other than our 1G environment on Earth. Our bodies and physiology, however, are adapted for life at 1G gravity. Altering gravity can have profound effects on the body, particularly the development of muscles, but the reasons and biology behind gravity’s effect are not fully known. We asked whether increasing gravity had effects on the development of motor neurons that innervate and control muscle, a relatively unexplored area of gravity biology. Using the nematode model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we examined changes in response to hypergravity in the development of the 19 GABAergic DD/VD motor neurons that innervate body muscle. We found that a high gravity force above 10G significantly increases the number of animals with defects in the development of axonal projections from the DD/VD neurons. We showed that a critical period of hypergravity exposure during the embryonic/early larval stage was sufficient to induce defects. While characterizing the nature of the axonal defects, we found that in normal 1G gravity conditions, DD/VD axonal defects occasionally occurred, with the majority of defects occurring on the dorsal side of the animal and in the mid-body region, and a significantly higher rate of error in the 13 VD axons than the 6 DD axons. Hypergravity exposure increased the rate of DD/VD axonal defects, but did not change the distribution or the characteristics of the defects. Our study demonstrates that altering gravity can impact motor neuron development.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Saraswathi Subbammal Kalichamy
creator: Tong Young Lee
creator: Kyoung-hye Yoon
creator: Jin Il Lee
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Neuroscience
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2666
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Kalichamy et al.
abstract: As space flight becomes more accessible in the future, humans will be exposed to gravity conditions other than our 1G environment on Earth. Our bodies and physiology, however, are adapted for life at 1G gravity. Altering gravity can have profound effects on the body, particularly the development of muscles, but the reasons and biology behind gravity’s effect are not fully known. We asked whether increasing gravity had effects on the development of motor neurons that innervate and control muscle, a relatively unexplored area of gravity biology. Using the nematode model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we examined changes in response to hypergravity in the development of the 19 GABAergic DD/VD motor neurons that innervate body muscle. We found that a high gravity force above 10G significantly increases the number of animals with defects in the development of axonal projections from the DD/VD neurons. We showed that a critical period of hypergravity exposure during the embryonic/early larval stage was sufficient to induce defects. While characterizing the nature of the axonal defects, we found that in normal 1G gravity conditions, DD/VD axonal defects occasionally occurred, with the majority of defects occurring on the dorsal side of the animal and in the mid-body region, and a significantly higher rate of error in the 13 VD axons than the 6 DD axons. Hypergravity exposure increased the rate of DD/VD axonal defects, but did not change the distribution or the characteristics of the defects. Our study demonstrates that altering gravity can impact motor neuron development.
bibliographic citation: Kalichamy et al. (2016) Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. PeerJ 4:e2666 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2666
date submitted: 2016-08-15
date accepted: 2016-10-08
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Kalichamy
  given name: Saraswathi Subbammal
author list: Agent
  family name: Lee
  given name: Tong Young
author list: Agent
  family name: Yoon
  given name: Kyoung-hye
author list: Agent
  family name: Lee
  given name: Jin Il
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2666
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Kalichamy et al.
attribution name: Kalichamy et al.

Host plant affects morphometric variation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most serious citrus pests worldwide due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. While some optimal plant species for ACP oviposition and development have been identified, little is known of the influence of host plants on ACP size and shape. Our goal was to determine how size and shape of ACP wing and body size varies when development occurs on different host plants in a controlled rearing environment. ACP were reared on six different rutaceous species; Bergera koenigii, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus macrophylla, Citrus maxima, Citrus taiwanica and Murraya paniculata. Adults were examined for morphometric variation using traditional and geometric analysis based on 12 traits or landmarks. ACP reared on C. taiwanica were consistently smaller than those reared on the other plant species. Wing aspect ratio also differed between C. maxima and C. taiwanica. Significant differences in shape were detected with those reared on M. paniculata having narrower wings than those reared on C. macrophylla. This study provides evidence of wing size and shape differences of ACP based on host plant species which potentially may impact dispersal. Further study is needed to determine if behavioral and physiological differences are associated with the observed phenotypic differences.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Thomson M. Paris
creator: Sandra A. Allan
creator: David G. Hall
creator: Matthew G. Hentz
creator: Gabriella Hetesy
creator: Philip A. Stansly
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Ecology
subject: Entomology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2663
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Paris et al.
abstract: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most serious citrus pests worldwide due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. While some optimal plant species for ACP oviposition and development have been identified, little is known of the influence of host plants on ACP size and shape. Our goal was to determine how size and shape of ACP wing and body size varies when development occurs on different host plants in a controlled rearing environment. ACP were reared on six different rutaceous species; Bergera koenigii, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus macrophylla, Citrus maxima, Citrus taiwanica and Murraya paniculata. Adults were examined for morphometric variation using traditional and geometric analysis based on 12 traits or landmarks. ACP reared on C. taiwanica were consistently smaller than those reared on the other plant species. Wing aspect ratio also differed between C. maxima and C. taiwanica. Significant differences in shape were detected with those reared on M. paniculata having narrower wings than those reared on C. macrophylla. This study provides evidence of wing size and shape differences of ACP based on host plant species which potentially may impact dispersal. Further study is needed to determine if behavioral and physiological differences are associated with the observed phenotypic differences.
bibliographic citation: Paris et al. (2016) Host plant affects morphometric variation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). PeerJ 4:e2663 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2663
date submitted: 2016-07-01
date accepted: 2016-10-06
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Paris
  given name: Thomson M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Allan
  given name: Sandra A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hall
  given name: David G.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hentz
  given name: Matthew G.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hetesy
  given name: Gabriella
author list: Agent
  family name: Stansly
  given name: Philip A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2663
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Paris et al.
attribution name: Paris et al.

Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Premastication, the transfer of pre-chewed food, is a common infant and young child feeding practice among the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon. Research conducted primarily with Western populations has shown that infants harbor distinct oral microbiota from their mothers. Premastication, which is less common in these populations, may influence the colonization and maturation of infant oral microbiota, including via transmission of oral pathogens. We collected premasticated food and saliva samples from Tsimane mothers and infants (9–24 months of age) to test for evidence of bacterial transmission in premasticated foods and overlap in maternal and infant salivary microbiota. We extracted bacterial DNA from two premasticated food samples and 12 matched salivary samples from maternal-infant pairs. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). We evaluated maternal and infant microbial composition in terms of relative abundance of specific taxa, alpha and beta diversity, and dissimilarity distances. Results The bacteria in saliva and premasticated food were mapped to 19 phyla and 400 genera and were dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The oral microbial communities of Tsimane mothers and infants who frequently share premasticated food were well-separated in a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot. Infant microbiotas clustered together, with weighted Unifrac distances significantly differing between mothers and infants. Infant saliva contained more Firmicutes (p < 0.01) and fewer Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) than did maternal saliva. Many genera previously associated with dental and periodontal infections, e.g. Neisseria, Gemella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia, were more abundant in mothers than in infants. Conclusions Salivary microbiota of Tsimane infants and young children up to two years of age do not appear closely related to those of th…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Cliff S. Han
creator: Melanie Ann Martin
creator: Armand E.K. Dichosa
creator: Ashlynn R. Daughton
creator: Seth Frietze
creator: Hillard Kaplan
creator: Michael D. Gurven
creator: Joe Alcock
subject: Anthropology
subject: Microbiology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2660
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Han et al.
abstract: Background Premastication, the transfer of pre-chewed food, is a common infant and young child feeding practice among the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon. Research conducted primarily with Western populations has shown that infants harbor distinct oral microbiota from their mothers. Premastication, which is less common in these populations, may influence the colonization and maturation of infant oral microbiota, including via transmission of oral pathogens. We collected premasticated food and saliva samples from Tsimane mothers and infants (9–24 months of age) to test for evidence of bacterial transmission in premasticated foods and overlap in maternal and infant salivary microbiota. We extracted bacterial DNA from two premasticated food samples and 12 matched salivary samples from maternal-infant pairs. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). We evaluated maternal and infant microbial composition in terms of relative abundance of specific taxa, alpha and beta diversity, and dissimilarity distances. Results The bacteria in saliva and premasticated food were mapped to 19 phyla and 400 genera and were dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The oral microbial communities of Tsimane mothers and infants who frequently share premasticated food were well-separated in a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot. Infant microbiotas clustered together, with weighted Unifrac distances significantly differing between mothers and infants. Infant saliva contained more Firmicutes (p < 0.01) and fewer Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) than did maternal saliva. Many genera previously associated with dental and periodontal infections, e.g. Neisseria, Gemella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia, were more abundant in mothers than in infants. Conclusions Salivary microbiota of Tsimane infants and young children up to two years of age do not appear closely related to those of th…
bibliographic citation: Han et al. (2016) Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication. PeerJ 4:e2660 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2660
date submitted: 2016-07-03
date accepted: 2016-10-05
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Han
  given name: Cliff S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Martin
  given name: Melanie Ann
author list: Agent
  family name: Dichosa
  given name: Armand E.K.
author list: Agent
  family name: Daughton
  given name: Ashlynn R.
author list: Agent
  family name: Frietze
  given name: Seth
author list: Agent
  family name: Kaplan
  given name: Hillard
author list: Agent
  family name: Gurven
  given name: Michael D.
author list: Agent
  family name: Alcock
  given name: Joe
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2660
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: ©2016 Han et al.
attribution name: Han et al.

Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via restoring mitochondrial morphology
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Anesthetic postconditioning is a cellular protective approach whereby exposure to a volatile anesthetic renders a tissue more resistant to subsequent ischemic/reperfusion event. Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) has been shown to exert cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that SPostC protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury by maintaining/restoring mitochondrial morphological integrity, a critical determinant of cell fate. Methods Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) were subjected to H/R injury (3 h of hypoxia followed by 3 h reoxygenation). Intervention with SPostC (2.4% sevoflurane) was administered for 15 min upon the onset of reoxygenation. Cell viability, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were assessed after intervention. Mitochondrial fusion and fission regulating proteins (Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting was performed to determine the level of protein expression. Results Cardiomyocyte H/R injury resulted in significant increases in LDH release and cell death that were concomitant with reduced cell viability and reduced mitochondrial interconnectivity (mean area/perimeter ratio) and mitochondrial elongation, and with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mPTP opening. All the above changes were significantly attenuated by SPostC. Furthermore, H/R resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 and significant enhancement of fission proteins Drp1 and Fis1. SPostC significantly enhanced Mfn2 and Opa1 and reduced Drp1, without significant impact on Mfn1 and Fis1. Conclusions Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (HRI) by restoring mi…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Jin Yu
creator: Jianjiang Wu
creator: Peng Xie
creator: Yiliyaer Maimaitili
creator: Jiang Wang
creator: Zhengyuan Xia
creator: Feng Gao
creator: Xing Zhang
creator: Hong Zheng
subject: Anesthesiology and Pain Management
subject: Cardiology
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Diabetes and Endocrinology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2659
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Yu et al.
abstract: Background Anesthetic postconditioning is a cellular protective approach whereby exposure to a volatile anesthetic renders a tissue more resistant to subsequent ischemic/reperfusion event. Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) has been shown to exert cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that SPostC protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury by maintaining/restoring mitochondrial morphological integrity, a critical determinant of cell fate. Methods Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) were subjected to H/R injury (3 h of hypoxia followed by 3 h reoxygenation). Intervention with SPostC (2.4% sevoflurane) was administered for 15 min upon the onset of reoxygenation. Cell viability, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were assessed after intervention. Mitochondrial fusion and fission regulating proteins (Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting was performed to determine the level of protein expression. Results Cardiomyocyte H/R injury resulted in significant increases in LDH release and cell death that were concomitant with reduced cell viability and reduced mitochondrial interconnectivity (mean area/perimeter ratio) and mitochondrial elongation, and with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mPTP opening. All the above changes were significantly attenuated by SPostC. Furthermore, H/R resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 and significant enhancement of fission proteins Drp1 and Fis1. SPostC significantly enhanced Mfn2 and Opa1 and reduced Drp1, without significant impact on Mfn1 and Fis1. Conclusions Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (HRI) by restoring mi…
bibliographic citation: Yu et al. (2016) Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via restoring mitochondrial morphology. PeerJ 4:e2659 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2659
date submitted: 2016-08-15
date accepted: 2016-10-05
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Yu
  given name: Jin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Jianjiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Xie
  given name: Peng
author list: Agent
  family name: Maimaitili
  given name: Yiliyaer
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Jiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Xia
  given name: Zhengyuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Gao
  given name: Feng
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Xing
author list: Agent
  family name: Zheng
  given name: Hong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2659
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Yu et al.
attribution name: Yu et al.

Foliar fungal communities strongly differ between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Dispersal events between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic can structure ecological communities and influence the functioning of agrosystems. Here we investigated whether short-distance dispersal events between vineyard and forest patches shape foliar fungal communities. We hypothesized that these communities homogenize between habitats over the course of the growing season, particularly along habitat edges, because of aerial dispersal of spores. Methods We monitored the richness and composition of foliar and airborne fungal communities over the season, along transects perpendicular to edges between vineyard and forest patches, using Illumina sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Results In contrast to our expectation, foliar fungal communities in vineyards and forest patches increasingly differentiate over the growing season, even along habitat edges. Moreover, the richness of foliar fungal communities in grapevine drastically decreased over the growing season, in contrast to that of forest trees. The composition of airborne communities did not differ between habitats. The composition of oak foliar fungal communities change between forest edge and centre. Discussion These results suggest that dispersal events between habitat patches are not major drivers of foliar fungal communities at the landscape scale. Selective pressures exerted in each habitat by the host plant, the microclimate and the agricultural practices play a greater role, and might account for the differentiation of foliar fugal communities between habitats.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Thomas Fort
creator: Cécile Robin
creator: Xavier Capdevielle
creator: Laurent Delière
creator: Corinne Vacher
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Ecology
subject: Microbiology
subject: Mycology
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.2656
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2016 Fort et al.
abstract: Background Dispersal events between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic can structure ecological communities and influence the functioning of agrosystems. Here we investigated whether short-distance dispersal events between vineyard and forest patches shape foliar fungal communities. We hypothesized that these communities homogenize between habitats over the course of the growing season, particularly along habitat edges, because of aerial dispersal of spores. Methods We monitored the richness and composition of foliar and airborne fungal communities over the season, along transects perpendicular to edges between vineyard and forest patches, using Illumina sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Results In contrast to our expectation, foliar fungal communities in vineyards and forest patches increasingly differentiate over the growing season, even along habitat edges. Moreover, the richness of foliar fungal communities in grapevine drastically decreased over the growing season, in contrast to that of forest trees. The composition of airborne communities did not differ between habitats. The composition of oak foliar fungal communities change between forest edge and centre. Discussion These results suggest that dispersal events between habitat patches are not major drivers of foliar fungal communities at the landscape scale. Selective pressures exerted in each habitat by the host plant, the microclimate and the agricultural practices play a greater role, and might account for the differentiation of foliar fugal communities between habitats.
bibliographic citation: Fort et al. (2016) Foliar fungal communities strongly differ between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic. PeerJ 4:e2656 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2656
date submitted: 2016-07-15
date accepted: 2016-10-05
issued: 2016-11-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Fort
  given name: Thomas
author list: Agent
  family name: Robin
  given name: Cécile
author list: Agent
  family name: Capdevielle
  given name: Xavier
author list: Agent
  family name: Delière
  given name: Laurent
author list: Agent
  family name: Vacher
  given name: Corinne
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2656
volume: 4
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2016-11-03
copyright: © 2016 Fort et al.
attribution name: Fort et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359