PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: The relationship between egg size and helper number in cooperative breeders: a meta-analysis across species
items: The impact of self-incompatibility systems on the prevention of biparental inbreeding
items: Characteristics and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States: an NHANES analysis
items: Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha)
items: Do rotational shear-cushioning shoes influence horizontal ground reaction forces and perceived comfort during basketball cutting maneuvers?
items: Associations of IGF2 and DRD2 polymorphisms with laying traits in Muscovy duck
items: An update on anticancer drug development and delivery targeting carbonic anhydrase IX
items: Antibodies to Bordetella pertussis antigens in maternal and cord blood pairs: a Thai cohort study
items: https://peerj.com/articles/4012
items: Modus operandi and affect in Sweden: the Swedish version of the Regulatory Mode Questionnaire

The relationship between egg size and helper number in cooperative breeders: a meta-analysis across species
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Life history theory predicts that mothers should adjust reproductive investment depending on benefits of current reproduction and costs of reduced future reproductive success. These costs and benefits may in turn depend on the breeding female’s social environment. Cooperative breeders provide an ideal system to test whether changes in maternal investment are associated with the social conditions mothers experience. As alloparental helpers assist in offspring care, larger groups might reduce reproductive costs for mothers or alternatively indicate attractive conditions for reproduction. Thus, mothers may show reduced (load-lightening) or increased (differential allocation) reproductive investment in relation to group size. A growing number of studies have investigated how cooperatively breeding mothers adjust pre-natal investment depending on group size. Our aim was to survey these studies to assess, first, whether mothers consistently reduce or increase pre-natal investment when in larger groups and, second, whether these changes relate to variation in post-natal investment. Methods We extracted data on the relationship between helper number and maternal pre-natal investment (egg size) from 12 studies on 10 species of cooperatively breeding vertebrates. We performed meta-analyses to calculate the overall estimated relationship between egg size and helper number, and to quantify variation among species. We also tested whether these relationships are stronger in species in which the addition of helpers is associated with significant changes in maternal and helper post-natal investment. Results Across studies, there is a significant negative relationship between helper number and egg size, suggesting that in most instances mothers show reduced reproductive investment in larger groups, in particular in species in which mothers also show a significant reduction in post-natal investment. However, even in this limited sample, substantial variation exists in the …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Tanmay Dixit
creator: Sinead English
creator: Dieter Lukas
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Ecology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4028
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Dixit et al.
abstract: Background Life history theory predicts that mothers should adjust reproductive investment depending on benefits of current reproduction and costs of reduced future reproductive success. These costs and benefits may in turn depend on the breeding female’s social environment. Cooperative breeders provide an ideal system to test whether changes in maternal investment are associated with the social conditions mothers experience. As alloparental helpers assist in offspring care, larger groups might reduce reproductive costs for mothers or alternatively indicate attractive conditions for reproduction. Thus, mothers may show reduced (load-lightening) or increased (differential allocation) reproductive investment in relation to group size. A growing number of studies have investigated how cooperatively breeding mothers adjust pre-natal investment depending on group size. Our aim was to survey these studies to assess, first, whether mothers consistently reduce or increase pre-natal investment when in larger groups and, second, whether these changes relate to variation in post-natal investment. Methods We extracted data on the relationship between helper number and maternal pre-natal investment (egg size) from 12 studies on 10 species of cooperatively breeding vertebrates. We performed meta-analyses to calculate the overall estimated relationship between egg size and helper number, and to quantify variation among species. We also tested whether these relationships are stronger in species in which the addition of helpers is associated with significant changes in maternal and helper post-natal investment. Results Across studies, there is a significant negative relationship between helper number and egg size, suggesting that in most instances mothers show reduced reproductive investment in larger groups, in particular in species in which mothers also show a significant reduction in post-natal investment. However, even in this limited sample, substantial variation exists in the …
bibliographic citation: Dixit et al. (2017) The relationship between egg size and helper number in cooperative breeders: a meta-analysis across species. PeerJ 5:e4028 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4028
date submitted: 2017-04-04
date accepted: 2017-10-23
issued: 2017-11-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Dixit
  given name: Tanmay
author list: Agent
  family name: English
  given name: Sinead
author list: Agent
  family name: Lukas
  given name: Dieter
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4028
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-24
copyright: ©2017 Dixit et al.
attribution name: Dixit et al.

The impact of self-incompatibility systems on the prevention of biparental inbreeding
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Inbreeding in hermaphroditic plants can occur through two different mechanisms: biparental inbreeding, when a plant mates with a related individual, or self-fertilization, when a plant mates with itself. To avoid inbreeding, many hermaphroditic plants have evolved self-incompatibility (SI) systems which prevent or limit self-fertilization. One particular SI system—homomorphic SI—can also reduce biparental inbreeding. Homomorphic SI is found in many angiosperm species, and it is often assumed that the additional benefit of reduced biparental inbreeding may be a factor in the success of this SI system. To test this assumption, we developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based simulation of plant populations that displayed three different types of homomorphic SI. We measured the total level of inbreeding avoidance by comparing each population to a self-compatible population (NSI), and we measured biparental inbreeding avoidance by comparing to a population of self-incompatible plants that were free to mate with any other individual (PSI). Because biparental inbreeding is more common when offspring dispersal is limited, we examined the levels of biparental inbreeding over a range of dispersal distances. We also tested whether the introduction of inbreeding depression affected the level of biparental inbreeding avoidance. We found that there was a statistically significant decrease in autozygosity in each of the homomorphic SI populations compared to the PSI population and, as expected, this was more pronounced when seed and pollen dispersal was limited. However, levels of homozygosity and inbreeding depression were not reduced. At low dispersal, homomorphic SI populations also suffered reduced female fecundity and had smaller census population sizes. Overall, our simulations showed that the homomorphic SI systems had little impact on the amount of biparental inbreeding in the population especially when compared to the overall reduction in inbreeding compared to the NS…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Tara N. Furstenau
creator: Reed A. Cartwright
subject: Biogeography
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Genetics
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4085
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Furstenau and Cartwright
abstract: Inbreeding in hermaphroditic plants can occur through two different mechanisms: biparental inbreeding, when a plant mates with a related individual, or self-fertilization, when a plant mates with itself. To avoid inbreeding, many hermaphroditic plants have evolved self-incompatibility (SI) systems which prevent or limit self-fertilization. One particular SI system—homomorphic SI—can also reduce biparental inbreeding. Homomorphic SI is found in many angiosperm species, and it is often assumed that the additional benefit of reduced biparental inbreeding may be a factor in the success of this SI system. To test this assumption, we developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based simulation of plant populations that displayed three different types of homomorphic SI. We measured the total level of inbreeding avoidance by comparing each population to a self-compatible population (NSI), and we measured biparental inbreeding avoidance by comparing to a population of self-incompatible plants that were free to mate with any other individual (PSI). Because biparental inbreeding is more common when offspring dispersal is limited, we examined the levels of biparental inbreeding over a range of dispersal distances. We also tested whether the introduction of inbreeding depression affected the level of biparental inbreeding avoidance. We found that there was a statistically significant decrease in autozygosity in each of the homomorphic SI populations compared to the PSI population and, as expected, this was more pronounced when seed and pollen dispersal was limited. However, levels of homozygosity and inbreeding depression were not reduced. At low dispersal, homomorphic SI populations also suffered reduced female fecundity and had smaller census population sizes. Overall, our simulations showed that the homomorphic SI systems had little impact on the amount of biparental inbreeding in the population especially when compared to the overall reduction in inbreeding compared to the NS…
bibliographic citation: Furstenau et al. (2017) The impact of self-incompatibility systems on the prevention of biparental inbreeding. PeerJ 5:e4085 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4085
date submitted: 2017-06-21
date accepted: 2017-11-02
issued: 2017-11-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Furstenau
  given name: Tara N.
author list: Agent
  family name: Cartwright
  given name: Reed A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4085
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-24
copyright: ©2017 Furstenau and Cartwright
attribution name: Furstenau and Cartwright

Characteristics and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States: an NHANES analysis
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background We examined the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database to determine factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults 20 to 55 years of age. Methods NHANES data collected between 2007 and 2014, excluding the 2011–2012 period, were used. Subjects were divided into those with and without RA. Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors were compared between the groups. Results After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8,789 persons were included in the study (8,483 without RA, 306 with RA). Multivariable analysis indicated that advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% CI [1.07–1.11], P < 0.001), regular smoking (OR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.49–3.21], P < 0.001), diabetes (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.35–2.95], P = 0.001), obesity (reference, normal or underweight; OR = 3.31, 95% CI [2.05–5.36], P < 0.001), and osteoporosis (OR = 3.68, 95% CI [1.64–8.22], P = 0.002) were positively associated with RA. Covered by health insurance (OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.12–2.93], P = 0.016) and living in poverty (OR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.88–4.65], P < 0.001) were also associated with having RA. Mexican American, Hispanic white or other Hispanic ethnicity (reference, non-Hispanic white; OR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.31–0.96], P = 0.036), appropriate sleep duration (about 6–11 h, OR = 0.46, 95% CI [0.32–0.65], P < 0.001), and insufficient vitamin A intake (reference, recommended; OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.50–0.98], P = 0.036) were negatively associated with RA. Discussion Some factors associated with RA are potentially modifiable.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Bei Xu
creator: Jin Lin
subject: Public Health
subject: Rheumatology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4035
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Xu and Lin
abstract: Background We examined the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database to determine factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults 20 to 55 years of age. Methods NHANES data collected between 2007 and 2014, excluding the 2011–2012 period, were used. Subjects were divided into those with and without RA. Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors were compared between the groups. Results After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8,789 persons were included in the study (8,483 without RA, 306 with RA). Multivariable analysis indicated that advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% CI [1.07–1.11], P < 0.001), regular smoking (OR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.49–3.21], P < 0.001), diabetes (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.35–2.95], P = 0.001), obesity (reference, normal or underweight; OR = 3.31, 95% CI [2.05–5.36], P < 0.001), and osteoporosis (OR = 3.68, 95% CI [1.64–8.22], P = 0.002) were positively associated with RA. Covered by health insurance (OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.12–2.93], P = 0.016) and living in poverty (OR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.88–4.65], P < 0.001) were also associated with having RA. Mexican American, Hispanic white or other Hispanic ethnicity (reference, non-Hispanic white; OR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.31–0.96], P = 0.036), appropriate sleep duration (about 6–11 h, OR = 0.46, 95% CI [0.32–0.65], P < 0.001), and insufficient vitamin A intake (reference, recommended; OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.50–0.98], P = 0.036) were negatively associated with RA. Discussion Some factors associated with RA are potentially modifiable.
bibliographic citation: Xu et al. (2017) Characteristics and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States: an NHANES analysis. PeerJ 5:e4035 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4035
date submitted: 2017-06-27
date accepted: 2017-10-24
issued: 2017-11-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Bei
author list: Agent
  family name: Lin
  given name: Jin
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4035
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-24
copyright: ©2017 Xu and Lin
attribution name: Xu and Lin

Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum between more sprawling and erect modes of locomotion and involved drastic changes of limb anatomy and function in several lineages, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs. We present biomechanical computer models of two locomotor extremes within Archosauria in an analysis of joint ranges of motion and the moment arms of the major forelimb muscles in order to quantify biomechanical differences between more sprawling, pseudosuchian (represented the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni) and more erect, dinosaurian (represented by the sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus) modes of forelimb function. We compare these two locomotor extremes in terms of the reconstructed musculoskeletal anatomy, ranges of motion of the forelimb joints and the moment arm patterns of muscles across those ranges of joint motion. We reconstructed the three-dimensional paths of 30 muscles acting around the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. We explicitly evaluate how forelimb joint mobility and muscle actions may have changed with postural and anatomical alterations from basal archosaurs to early sauropodomorphs. We thus evaluate in which ways forelimb posture was correlated with muscle leverage, and how such differences fit into a broader evolutionary context (i.e. transition from sprawling quadrupedalism to erect bipedalism and then shifting to graviportal quadrupedalism). Our analysis reveals major differences of muscle actions between the more sprawling and erect models at the shoulder joint. These differences are related not only to the articular surfaces but also to the orientation of the scapula, in which extension/flexion movements in Crocodylus (e.g. protraction of the humerus) correspond to elevation/depression in Mussaurus. Muscle action is highly in…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Alejandro Otero
creator: Vivian Allen
creator: Diego Pol
creator: John R. Hutchinson
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.3976
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Otero et al.
abstract: Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum between more sprawling and erect modes of locomotion and involved drastic changes of limb anatomy and function in several lineages, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs. We present biomechanical computer models of two locomotor extremes within Archosauria in an analysis of joint ranges of motion and the moment arms of the major forelimb muscles in order to quantify biomechanical differences between more sprawling, pseudosuchian (represented the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni) and more erect, dinosaurian (represented by the sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus) modes of forelimb function. We compare these two locomotor extremes in terms of the reconstructed musculoskeletal anatomy, ranges of motion of the forelimb joints and the moment arm patterns of muscles across those ranges of joint motion. We reconstructed the three-dimensional paths of 30 muscles acting around the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. We explicitly evaluate how forelimb joint mobility and muscle actions may have changed with postural and anatomical alterations from basal archosaurs to early sauropodomorphs. We thus evaluate in which ways forelimb posture was correlated with muscle leverage, and how such differences fit into a broader evolutionary context (i.e. transition from sprawling quadrupedalism to erect bipedalism and then shifting to graviportal quadrupedalism). Our analysis reveals major differences of muscle actions between the more sprawling and erect models at the shoulder joint. These differences are related not only to the articular surfaces but also to the orientation of the scapula, in which extension/flexion movements in Crocodylus (e.g. protraction of the humerus) correspond to elevation/depression in Mussaurus. Muscle action is highly in…
bibliographic citation: Otero et al. (2017) Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha). PeerJ 5:e3976 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3976
date submitted: 2017-05-05
date accepted: 2017-10-10
issued: 2017-11-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Otero
  given name: Alejandro
author list: Agent
  family name: Allen
  given name: Vivian
author list: Agent
  family name: Pol
  given name: Diego
author list: Agent
  family name: Hutchinson
  given name: John R.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.3976
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-24
copyright: © 2017 Otero et al.
attribution name: Otero et al.

Do rotational shear-cushioning shoes influence horizontal ground reaction forces and perceived comfort during basketball cutting maneuvers?
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Court shoe designs predominantly focus on reducing excessive vertical ground reaction force, but shear force cushioning has received little attention in the basketball population. We aimed to examine the effect of a novel shoe-cushioning design on both resultant horizontal ground reaction forces and comfort perception during two basketball-specific cutting movements. Methods Fifteen university team basketball players performed lateral shuffling and 45-degree sidestep cutting at maximum effort in basketball shoes with and without the shear-cushioning system (SCS). Paired t-tests were used to examine the differences in kinetics and comfort perception between two shoes. Results SCS shoe allowed for larger rotational material deformation compared with control shoes, but no significant shoe differences were found in braking phase kinetics during both cutting movements (P = 0.35). Interestingly, a greater horizontal propulsion impulse was found with the SCS during 45-degree cutting (P < 0.05), when compared with the control. In addition, players wearing SCS shoes perceived better forefoot comfort (P = 0.012). During lateral shuffling, there were no significant differences in horizontal GRF and comfort perception between shoe conditions (P > 0.05). Discussion The application of a rotational shear-cushioning structure allowed for better forefoot comfort and enhanced propulsion performance in cutting, but did not influence the shear impact. Understanding horizontal ground reaction force information may be useful in designing footwear to prevent shear-related injuries in sport populations.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Wing-Kai Lam
creator: Yi Qu
creator: Fan Yang
creator: Roy T.H. Cheung
subject: Bioengineering
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Orthopedics
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4086
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Lam et al.
abstract: Background Court shoe designs predominantly focus on reducing excessive vertical ground reaction force, but shear force cushioning has received little attention in the basketball population. We aimed to examine the effect of a novel shoe-cushioning design on both resultant horizontal ground reaction forces and comfort perception during two basketball-specific cutting movements. Methods Fifteen university team basketball players performed lateral shuffling and 45-degree sidestep cutting at maximum effort in basketball shoes with and without the shear-cushioning system (SCS). Paired t-tests were used to examine the differences in kinetics and comfort perception between two shoes. Results SCS shoe allowed for larger rotational material deformation compared with control shoes, but no significant shoe differences were found in braking phase kinetics during both cutting movements (P = 0.35). Interestingly, a greater horizontal propulsion impulse was found with the SCS during 45-degree cutting (P < 0.05), when compared with the control. In addition, players wearing SCS shoes perceived better forefoot comfort (P = 0.012). During lateral shuffling, there were no significant differences in horizontal GRF and comfort perception between shoe conditions (P > 0.05). Discussion The application of a rotational shear-cushioning structure allowed for better forefoot comfort and enhanced propulsion performance in cutting, but did not influence the shear impact. Understanding horizontal ground reaction force information may be useful in designing footwear to prevent shear-related injuries in sport populations.
bibliographic citation: Lam et al. (2017) Do rotational shear-cushioning shoes influence horizontal ground reaction forces and perceived comfort during basketball cutting maneuvers?. PeerJ 5:e4086 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4086
date submitted: 2017-08-21
date accepted: 2017-11-01
issued: 2017-11-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Lam
  given name: Wing-Kai
author list: Agent
  family name: Qu
  given name: Yi
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Fan
author list: Agent
  family name: Cheung
  given name: Roy T.H.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4086
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-23
copyright: ©2017 Lam et al.
attribution name: Lam et al.

Associations of IGF2 and DRD2 polymorphisms with laying traits in Muscovy duck
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) play important roles in ovarian follicular development. In this study, we analyzed tissue-specific expression of the Muscovy duck IGF2 and DRD2 genes and cloned those genes transcripts. Polymorphisms in these genes were tightly linked with egg production traits and both genes were highly expressed in the ovary. Moreover, we identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IGF1 and 28 for DRD2. Mutations A-1864G and C-1704G of IGF2 were positively correlated with increased egg laying at 59 weeks (E59W) (P < 0.05). The C+7T and C+364G mutations of DRD2 were highly and significantly associated with first-egg age (FEA) and egg numbers at 300 days (E300D) (P < 0.01). Moreover, C+3301G and C+3545G of DRD2 were highly significantly associated with FEA, E59W and E300D (P < 0.01). Other mutations were positively associated with FEA or E300D or E59W (P < 0.05). These data suggest specific roles for IGF1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in egg production in Muscovy ducks.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Qiao Ye
creator: Jiguo Xu
creator: Xinfeng Gao
creator: Hongjia Ouyang
creator: Wei Luo
creator: Qinghua Nie
subject: Genetics
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4083
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Ye et al.
abstract: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) play important roles in ovarian follicular development. In this study, we analyzed tissue-specific expression of the Muscovy duck IGF2 and DRD2 genes and cloned those genes transcripts. Polymorphisms in these genes were tightly linked with egg production traits and both genes were highly expressed in the ovary. Moreover, we identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IGF1 and 28 for DRD2. Mutations A-1864G and C-1704G of IGF2 were positively correlated with increased egg laying at 59 weeks (E59W) (P < 0.05). The C+7T and C+364G mutations of DRD2 were highly and significantly associated with first-egg age (FEA) and egg numbers at 300 days (E300D) (P < 0.01). Moreover, C+3301G and C+3545G of DRD2 were highly significantly associated with FEA, E59W and E300D (P < 0.01). Other mutations were positively associated with FEA or E300D or E59W (P < 0.05). These data suggest specific roles for IGF1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in egg production in Muscovy ducks.
bibliographic citation: Ye et al. (2017) Associations of IGF2 and DRD2 polymorphisms with laying traits in Muscovy duck. PeerJ 5:e4083 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4083
date submitted: 2017-06-09
date accepted: 2017-11-02
issued: 2017-11-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ye
  given name: Qiao
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Jiguo
author list: Agent
  family name: Gao
  given name: Xinfeng
author list: Agent
  family name: Ouyang
  given name: Hongjia
author list: Agent
  family name: Luo
  given name: Wei
author list: Agent
  family name: Nie
  given name: Qinghua
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4083
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-23
copyright: ©2017 Ye et al.
attribution name: Ye et al.

An update on anticancer drug development and delivery targeting carbonic anhydrase IX
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is up-regulated in many types of solid tumors in humans under hypoxic and acidic microenvironment. Inhibition of CA IX enzymatic activity with selective inhibitors, antibodies or labeled probes has been shown to reverse the acidic environment of solid tumors and reduce the tumor growth establishing the significant role of CA IX in tumorigenesis. Thus, the development of potent antitumor drugs targeting CA IX with minimal toxic effects is important for the target-specific tumor therapy. Recently, several promising antitumor agents against CA IX have been developed to treat certain types of cancers in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Here we review the inhibition of CA IX by small molecule compounds and monoclonal antibodies. The methods of enzymatic assays, biophysical methods, animal models including zebrafish and Xenopus oocytes, and techniques of diagnostic imaging to detect hypoxic tumors using CA IX-targeted conjugates are discussed with the aim to overview the recent progress related to novel therapeutic agents that target CA IX in hypoxic tumors.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Justina Kazokaitė
creator: Ashok Aspatwar
creator: Seppo Parkkila
creator: Daumantas Matulis
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Biophysics
subject: Drugs and Devices
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4068
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Kazokaitė et al.
abstract: The expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is up-regulated in many types of solid tumors in humans under hypoxic and acidic microenvironment. Inhibition of CA IX enzymatic activity with selective inhibitors, antibodies or labeled probes has been shown to reverse the acidic environment of solid tumors and reduce the tumor growth establishing the significant role of CA IX in tumorigenesis. Thus, the development of potent antitumor drugs targeting CA IX with minimal toxic effects is important for the target-specific tumor therapy. Recently, several promising antitumor agents against CA IX have been developed to treat certain types of cancers in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Here we review the inhibition of CA IX by small molecule compounds and monoclonal antibodies. The methods of enzymatic assays, biophysical methods, animal models including zebrafish and Xenopus oocytes, and techniques of diagnostic imaging to detect hypoxic tumors using CA IX-targeted conjugates are discussed with the aim to overview the recent progress related to novel therapeutic agents that target CA IX in hypoxic tumors.
bibliographic citation: Kazokaitė et al. (2017) An update on anticancer drug development and delivery targeting carbonic anhydrase IX. PeerJ 5:e4068 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4068
date submitted: 2017-08-02
date accepted: 2017-10-30
issued: 2017-11-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Kazokaitė
  given name: Justina
author list: Agent
  family name: Aspatwar
  given name: Ashok
author list: Agent
  family name: Parkkila
  given name: Seppo
author list: Agent
  family name: Matulis
  given name: Daumantas
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4068
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-23
copyright: ©2017 Kazokaitė et al.
attribution name: Kazokaitė et al.

Antibodies to Bordetella pertussis antigens in maternal and cord blood pairs: a Thai cohort study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, yet an increasing incidence of pertussis occurs in many countries. Thailand has a long-standing pertussis vaccination policy, therefore most expectant mothers today had received vaccines as children. The resurgence of pertussis among Thai infants in recent years led us to examine the pre-existing antibodies to Bordetella pertussis antigens in a cohort of 90 pregnant women. Methods We evaluated the IgG to the Pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN) in maternal and cord blood sera using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results When values of >10 IU/ml were accepted as potential protective concentrations, we found that the percentages of unprotected infants were 73.3%, 43.3% and 75.5% for anti-PT, anti-FHA and anti-PRN IgG, respectively. Discussion These results may explain the susceptibility for pertussis among newborn infants in Thailand and support the requirement for a pertussis booster vaccine during pregnancy, which may contribute to the passive seroprotection among newborns during the first months of life.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Nasamon Wanlapakorn
creator: Thanunrat Thongmee
creator: Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
creator: Elke Leuridan
creator: Sompong Vongpunsawad
creator: Yong Poovorawan
subject: Immunology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: Women's Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4043
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Wanlapakorn et al.
abstract: Background Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, yet an increasing incidence of pertussis occurs in many countries. Thailand has a long-standing pertussis vaccination policy, therefore most expectant mothers today had received vaccines as children. The resurgence of pertussis among Thai infants in recent years led us to examine the pre-existing antibodies to Bordetella pertussis antigens in a cohort of 90 pregnant women. Methods We evaluated the IgG to the Pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN) in maternal and cord blood sera using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results When values of >10 IU/ml were accepted as potential protective concentrations, we found that the percentages of unprotected infants were 73.3%, 43.3% and 75.5% for anti-PT, anti-FHA and anti-PRN IgG, respectively. Discussion These results may explain the susceptibility for pertussis among newborn infants in Thailand and support the requirement for a pertussis booster vaccine during pregnancy, which may contribute to the passive seroprotection among newborns during the first months of life.
bibliographic citation: Wanlapakorn et al. (2017) Antibodies to Bordetella pertussis antigens in maternal and cord blood pairs: a Thai cohort study. PeerJ 5:e4043 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4043
date submitted: 2017-09-26
date accepted: 2017-10-25
issued: 2017-11-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wanlapakorn
  given name: Nasamon
author list: Agent
  family name: Thongmee
  given name: Thanunrat
author list: Agent
  family name: Vichaiwattana
  given name: Preeyaporn
author list: Agent
  family name: Leuridan
  given name: Elke
author list: Agent
  family name: Vongpunsawad
  given name: Sompong
author list: Agent
  family name: Poovorawan
  given name: Yong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4043
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-23
copyright: ©2017 Wanlapakorn et al.
attribution name: Wanlapakorn et al.

https://peerj.com/articles/4012
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
title: Morphological and molecular data confirm the transfer of homostylous species in the typically distylous genus Galianthe (Rubiaceae), and the description of the new species Galianthe vasquezii from Peru and Colombia
description: Galianthe (Rubiaceae) is a neotropical genus comprising 50 species divided into two subgenera, Galianthe subgen. Galianthe, with 39 species and Galianthe subgen. Ebelia, with 11 species. The diagnostic features of the genus are: usually erect habit with xylopodium, distylous flowers arranged in lax thyrsoid inflorescences, bifid stigmas, 2-carpellate and longitudinally dehiscent fruits, with dehiscent valves or indehiscent mericarps, plump seeds or complanate with a wing-like strophiole, and pollen with double reticulum, rarely with a simple reticulum. This study focused on two species that were originally described under Diodia due to the occurrence of fruits indehiscent mericarps: Diodia palustris and D. spicata. In the present study, classical taxonomy is combined with molecular analyses. As a result, we propose that both Diodia species belong to Galianthe subgen. Ebelia. The molecular position within Galianthe, based on ITS and ETS sequences, has been supported by the following morphological characters: thyrsoid, spiciform or cymoidal inflorescences, bifid stigmas, pollen grains with a double reticulum, and indehiscent mericarps. However, both species, unlike the remainder of the genus Galianthe, have homostylous flowers, so the presence of this type of flower significantly modifies the generic concept. In this framework, a third homostylous species, Galianthe vasquezii, from the Andean region is also described. Until now, this species remained cryptic under specimens of Galianthe palustris It differs however from the latter by having longer calyx lobes, the presence of dispersed trichomes inside the corolla lobes (vs. glabrous), fruits that are acropetally dehiscent (vs. basipetally dehiscent), and its Andean geographical distribution (vs. Paranaense). Additionally, a lectotype has been chosen for Diodia palustris, Borreria pterophora has been placed under synonymy of Galianthe palustris, and Galianthe boliviana is reported for the first time from Peru. A key o…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Javier Elias Florentín
creator: Andrea Alejandra Cabaña Fader
creator: Roberto Manuel Salas
creator: Steven Janssens
creator: Steven Dessein
creator: Elsa Leonor Cabral
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Taxonomy
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4012
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Florentín et al.
abstract: Galianthe (Rubiaceae) is a neotropical genus comprising 50 species divided into two subgenera, Galianthe subgen. Galianthe, with 39 species and Galianthe subgen. Ebelia, with 11 species. The diagnostic features of the genus are: usually erect habit with xylopodium, distylous flowers arranged in lax thyrsoid inflorescences, bifid stigmas, 2-carpellate and longitudinally dehiscent fruits, with dehiscent valves or indehiscent mericarps, plump seeds or complanate with a wing-like strophiole, and pollen with double reticulum, rarely with a simple reticulum. This study focused on two species that were originally described under Diodia due to the occurrence of fruits indehiscent mericarps: Diodia palustris and D. spicata. In the present study, classical taxonomy is combined with molecular analyses. As a result, we propose that both Diodia species belong to Galianthe subgen. Ebelia. The molecular position within Galianthe, based on ITS and ETS sequences, has been supported by the following morphological characters: thyrsoid, spiciform or cymoidal inflorescences, bifid stigmas, pollen grains with a double reticulum, and indehiscent mericarps. However, both species, unlike the remainder of the genus Galianthe, have homostylous flowers, so the presence of this type of flower significantly modifies the generic concept. In this framework, a third homostylous species, Galianthe vasquezii, from the Andean region is also described. Until now, this species remained cryptic under specimens of Galianthe palustris It differs however from the latter by having longer calyx lobes, the presence of dispersed trichomes inside the corolla lobes (vs. glabrous), fruits that are acropetally dehiscent (vs. basipetally dehiscent), and its Andean geographical distribution (vs. Paranaense). Additionally, a lectotype has been chosen for Diodia palustris, Borreria pterophora has been placed under synonymy of Galianthe palustris, and Galianthe boliviana is reported for the first time from Peru. A key o…
bibliographic citation: Florentín et al. (2017) Morphological and molecular data confirm the transfer of homostylous species in the typically distylous genus Galianthe (Rubiaceae), and the description of the new species Galianthe vasquezii from Peru and Colombia. PeerJ 5:e4012 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4012
date submitted: 2017-06-10
date accepted: 2017-10-19
issued: 2017-11-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Florentín
  given name: Javier Elias
author list: Agent
  family name: Cabaña Fader
  given name: Andrea Alejandra
author list: Agent
  family name: Salas
  given name: Roberto Manuel
author list: Agent
  family name: Janssens
  given name: Steven
author list: Agent
  family name: Dessein
  given name: Steven
author list: Agent
  family name: Cabral
  given name: Elsa Leonor
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4012
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-23
copyright: ©2017 Florentín et al.
attribution name: Florentín et al.

Modus operandi and affect in Sweden: the Swedish version of the Regulatory Mode Questionnaire
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The Regulatory Mode Questionnaire (RMQ) is the most used and internationally well-known instrument for the measurement of individual differences in the two self-regulatory modes: locomotion (i.e., the aspect of self-regulation that is concerned with movement from state to state) and assessment (i.e., the comparative aspect of self-regulation). The aim of the present study was to verify the independence of the two regulatory modes, as postulated by the Regulatory Mode Theory (Kruglanski et al., 2000), and the psychometric properties of the RMQ in the Swedish context. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between regulatory modes (locomotion and assessment) and affective well-being (i.e., positive affect and negative affect). Method A total of 655 university and high school students in the West of Sweden (males = 408 females = 242, and five participants who didn’t report their gender; agemean = 21.93 ± 6.51) responded to the RMQ and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. We conducted two confirmatory factor analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM). A third SEM was conducted to test the relationship between locomotion and assessment to positive affect and negative affect. Results The first analyses confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of locomotion and assessment and both scales showed good reliability. The assessment scale, however, was modified by dropping item 10 (“I don’t spend much time thinking about ways others could improve themselves”.) because it showed low loading (.07, p = .115). Furthermore, the effect of locomotion on positive affect was stronger than the effect of assessment on positive affect (Z = −15.16, p < .001), while the effect of assessment on negative affect was stronger than the effect of locomotion on negative affect (Z = 10.73, p < .001). Conclusion The factor structure of the Swedish version of the RMQ is, as Regulatory Mode Theory suggests, unidimensional and it showed good reliability. The scales …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Clara Amato
creator: Ali Al Nima
creator: Marko Mihailovic
creator: Danilo Garcia
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Public Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4092
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2017 Amato et al.
abstract: Background The Regulatory Mode Questionnaire (RMQ) is the most used and internationally well-known instrument for the measurement of individual differences in the two self-regulatory modes: locomotion (i.e., the aspect of self-regulation that is concerned with movement from state to state) and assessment (i.e., the comparative aspect of self-regulation). The aim of the present study was to verify the independence of the two regulatory modes, as postulated by the Regulatory Mode Theory (Kruglanski et al., 2000), and the psychometric properties of the RMQ in the Swedish context. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between regulatory modes (locomotion and assessment) and affective well-being (i.e., positive affect and negative affect). Method A total of 655 university and high school students in the West of Sweden (males = 408 females = 242, and five participants who didn’t report their gender; agemean = 21.93 ± 6.51) responded to the RMQ and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. We conducted two confirmatory factor analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM). A third SEM was conducted to test the relationship between locomotion and assessment to positive affect and negative affect. Results The first analyses confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of locomotion and assessment and both scales showed good reliability. The assessment scale, however, was modified by dropping item 10 (“I don’t spend much time thinking about ways others could improve themselves”.) because it showed low loading (.07, p = .115). Furthermore, the effect of locomotion on positive affect was stronger than the effect of assessment on positive affect (Z = −15.16, p < .001), while the effect of assessment on negative affect was stronger than the effect of locomotion on negative affect (Z = 10.73, p < .001). Conclusion The factor structure of the Swedish version of the RMQ is, as Regulatory Mode Theory suggests, unidimensional and it showed good reliability. The scales …
bibliographic citation: Amato et al. (2017) Modus operandi and affect in Sweden: the Swedish version of the Regulatory Mode Questionnaire. PeerJ 5:e4092 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4092
date submitted: 2017-08-07
date accepted: 2017-11-04
issued: 2017-11-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Amato
  given name: Clara
author list: Agent
  family name: Nima
  given name: Ali Al
author list: Agent
  family name: Mihailovic
  given name: Marko
author list: Agent
  family name: Garcia
  given name: Danilo
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4092
volume: 5
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2017-11-22
copyright: ©2017 Amato et al.
attribution name: Amato et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359