PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees
items: Identification of potential crucial genes and pathways associated with vein graft restenosis based on gene expression analysis in experimental rabbits
items: Coarse- and fine-scale patterns of distribution and habitat selection places an Amazonian floodplain curassow in double jeopardy
items: Modelling the growth of the brown frog (Rana dybowskii)
items: Breast fibroblasts in both cancer and normal tissues induce phenotypic transformation of breast cancer stem cells: a preliminary study
items: Latent profiles of elite Malaysian athletes’ use of psychological skills and techniques and relations with mental toughness
items: Protection of cultured brain endothelial cells from cytokine-induced damage by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
items: Unfolding of α-helical 20-residue poly-glutamic acid analyzed by multiple runs of canonical molecular dynamics simulations
items: An examination of the impact of Olson’s extinction on tetrapods from Texas
items: Impact of Front Range sources on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park

Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant. In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence. High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwintering at the same temperatures suggests that the timing of emergence also depends on individual body conditions. However, possible causes for this variability, such as individual differences in body size or weight, have been rarely studied. In a climate chamber experiment using two spring-emerging mason bees (Osmia cornuta and O. bicornis), we investigated the relationship between temperature, emergence date, body weight, and body size, the last of which is not affected by overwintering temperature. Our study showed that body weight declined during hibernation more strongly in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures. Although bees emerged earlier in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures, at the time of emergence, bees in warm overwintering temperatures had lower body weights than bees in cold overwintering temperatures (exception of male O. cornuta). Among specimens that experienced the same overwintering temperatures, small and light bees emerged later than their larger and heavier conspecifics. Using a simple mechanistic model we demonstrated that spring-emerging solitary bees use a strategic approach and emerge at a date that is most promising for their individual fitness expectations. Our results suggest that warmer overwintering temperatures reduce bee fitness by causing a decrease in body weight at emergence. We showed furthermore that in order to adjust their emergence dates, bees use not only temperature but also their individual body condition as triggers. This may explain differing responses to climate warming within and among bee populations and may have consequences for bee-plant interactions as w…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Mariela Schenk
creator: Oliver Mitesser
creator: Thomas Hovestadt
creator: Andrea Holzschuh
subject: Ecology
subject: Entomology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4721
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Schenk et al.
abstract: Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant. In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence. High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwintering at the same temperatures suggests that the timing of emergence also depends on individual body conditions. However, possible causes for this variability, such as individual differences in body size or weight, have been rarely studied. In a climate chamber experiment using two spring-emerging mason bees (Osmia cornuta and O. bicornis), we investigated the relationship between temperature, emergence date, body weight, and body size, the last of which is not affected by overwintering temperature. Our study showed that body weight declined during hibernation more strongly in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures. Although bees emerged earlier in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures, at the time of emergence, bees in warm overwintering temperatures had lower body weights than bees in cold overwintering temperatures (exception of male O. cornuta). Among specimens that experienced the same overwintering temperatures, small and light bees emerged later than their larger and heavier conspecifics. Using a simple mechanistic model we demonstrated that spring-emerging solitary bees use a strategic approach and emerge at a date that is most promising for their individual fitness expectations. Our results suggest that warmer overwintering temperatures reduce bee fitness by causing a decrease in body weight at emergence. We showed furthermore that in order to adjust their emergence dates, bees use not only temperature but also their individual body condition as triggers. This may explain differing responses to climate warming within and among bee populations and may have consequences for bee-plant interactions as w…
bibliographic citation: Schenk et al. (2018) Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees. PeerJ 6:e4721 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4721
date submitted: 2017-11-30
date accepted: 2018-04-16
issued: 2018-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Schenk
  given name: Mariela
author list: Agent
  family name: Mitesser
  given name: Oliver
author list: Agent
  family name: Hovestadt
  given name: Thomas
author list: Agent
  family name: Holzschuh
  given name: Andrea
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4721
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-16
copyright: ©2018 Schenk et al.
attribution name: Schenk et al.

Identification of potential crucial genes and pathways associated with vein graft restenosis based on gene expression analysis in experimental rabbits
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Occlusive artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Bypass graft surgery remains the most prevalently performed treatment for occlusive arterial disease, and veins are the most frequently used conduits for surgical revascularization. However, the clinical efficacy of bypass graft surgery is highly affected by the long-term potency rates of vein grafts, and no optimal treatments are available for the prevention of vein graft restenosis (VGR) at present. Hence, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mediating VGR. The past decade has seen the rapid development of genomic technologies, such as genome sequencing and microarray technologies, which will provide novel insights into potential molecular mechanisms involved in the VGR program. Ironically, high throughput data associated with VGR are extremely scarce. The main goal of the current study was to explore potential crucial genes and pathways associated with VGR and to provide valid biological information for further investigation of VGR. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed using high throughput gene expression data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R and Bioconductor packages. After functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and sub-PPI network analyses were performed. Finally, nine potential hub genes and fourteen pathways were identified. These hub genes may interact with each other and regulate the VGR program by modulating the cell cycle pathway. Future studies focusing on revealing the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key genes and pathways involved in regulating the VGR program may provide novel therapeutic targets for VGR inhibition.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Qiang Liu
creator: Xiujie Yin
creator: Mingzhu Li
creator: Li Wan
creator: Liqiao Liu
creator: Xiang Zhong
creator: Zhuoqi Liu
creator: Qun Wang
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Genomics
subject: Cardiology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4704
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Liu et al.
abstract: Occlusive artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Bypass graft surgery remains the most prevalently performed treatment for occlusive arterial disease, and veins are the most frequently used conduits for surgical revascularization. However, the clinical efficacy of bypass graft surgery is highly affected by the long-term potency rates of vein grafts, and no optimal treatments are available for the prevention of vein graft restenosis (VGR) at present. Hence, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mediating VGR. The past decade has seen the rapid development of genomic technologies, such as genome sequencing and microarray technologies, which will provide novel insights into potential molecular mechanisms involved in the VGR program. Ironically, high throughput data associated with VGR are extremely scarce. The main goal of the current study was to explore potential crucial genes and pathways associated with VGR and to provide valid biological information for further investigation of VGR. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed using high throughput gene expression data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R and Bioconductor packages. After functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and sub-PPI network analyses were performed. Finally, nine potential hub genes and fourteen pathways were identified. These hub genes may interact with each other and regulate the VGR program by modulating the cell cycle pathway. Future studies focusing on revealing the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key genes and pathways involved in regulating the VGR program may provide novel therapeutic targets for VGR inhibition.
bibliographic citation: Liu et al. (2018) Identification of potential crucial genes and pathways associated with vein graft restenosis based on gene expression analysis in experimental rabbits. PeerJ 6:e4704 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4704
date submitted: 2017-12-01
date accepted: 2018-04-15
issued: 2018-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Qiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Yin
  given name: Xiujie
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Mingzhu
author list: Agent
  family name: Wan
  given name: Li
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Liqiao
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhong
  given name: Xiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Zhuoqi
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Qun
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4704
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-16
copyright: ©2018 Liu et al.
attribution name: Liu et al.

Coarse- and fine-scale patterns of distribution and habitat selection places an Amazonian floodplain curassow in double jeopardy
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Patterns of habitat selection are influenced by local productivity, resource availability, and predation risk. Species have taken millions of years to hone the macro- and micro-habitats they occupy, but these may now overlap with contemporary human threats within natural species ranges. Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa), an endemic galliform species of the western Amazon, is threatened by both hunting and habitat loss, and is restricted to white-water floodplain forests of major Amazonian rivers. In this study conducted along the Juruá River, Amazonas, Brazil, we quantified the ranging ecology and fine-scale patterns of habitat selection of the species. We estimated the home range size of C. globulosa using conventional VHF telemetry. To estimate patterns of habitat selection, we used geo-locations of day ranges to examine the extent and intensity of use across the floodplain, which were then compared to a high-resolution flood map of the study area. We captured two females and one male, which we monitored for 13 months between September 2014 and September 2015. Average home range size was 283 ha, based on the 95% aLoCoH estimator. Wattled Curassows selected areas of prolonged flood pulses (six to eight months/year) and had a consistent tendency to be near open water, usually in close proximity to river banks and lakes, especially during the dry season. Amazonian floodplains are densely settled, and the small portions of floodplain habitat used by Wattled Curassows are both the most accessible to hunters and most vulnerable to deforestation. As a result, the geographic and ecological distribution of Wattled Curassows places them at much higher extinction risk at multiple spatial scales, highlighting the need to consider habitat preferences within their conservation strategy.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Gabriel A. Leite
creator: Izeni P. Farias
creator: André L. S. Gonçalves
creator: Joseph E. Hawes
creator: Carlos A. Peres
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Ecology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4617
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Leite et al.
abstract: Patterns of habitat selection are influenced by local productivity, resource availability, and predation risk. Species have taken millions of years to hone the macro- and micro-habitats they occupy, but these may now overlap with contemporary human threats within natural species ranges. Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa), an endemic galliform species of the western Amazon, is threatened by both hunting and habitat loss, and is restricted to white-water floodplain forests of major Amazonian rivers. In this study conducted along the Juruá River, Amazonas, Brazil, we quantified the ranging ecology and fine-scale patterns of habitat selection of the species. We estimated the home range size of C. globulosa using conventional VHF telemetry. To estimate patterns of habitat selection, we used geo-locations of day ranges to examine the extent and intensity of use across the floodplain, which were then compared to a high-resolution flood map of the study area. We captured two females and one male, which we monitored for 13 months between September 2014 and September 2015. Average home range size was 283 ha, based on the 95% aLoCoH estimator. Wattled Curassows selected areas of prolonged flood pulses (six to eight months/year) and had a consistent tendency to be near open water, usually in close proximity to river banks and lakes, especially during the dry season. Amazonian floodplains are densely settled, and the small portions of floodplain habitat used by Wattled Curassows are both the most accessible to hunters and most vulnerable to deforestation. As a result, the geographic and ecological distribution of Wattled Curassows places them at much higher extinction risk at multiple spatial scales, highlighting the need to consider habitat preferences within their conservation strategy.
bibliographic citation: Leite et al. (2018) Coarse- and fine-scale patterns of distribution and habitat selection places an Amazonian floodplain curassow in double jeopardy. PeerJ 6:e4617 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4617
date submitted: 2018-01-24
date accepted: 2018-03-24
issued: 2018-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Leite
  given name: Gabriel A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Farias
  given name: Izeni P.
author list: Agent
  family name: Gonçalves
  given name: André L. S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hawes
  given name: Joseph E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Peres
  given name: Carlos A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4617
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-16
copyright: © 2018 Leite et al.
attribution name: Leite et al.

Modelling the growth of the brown frog (Rana dybowskii)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Well-controlled development leads to uniform body size and a better growth rate; therefore, the ability to determine the growth rate of frogs and their period of sexual maturity is essential for producing healthy, high-quality descendant frogs. To establish a working model that can best predict the growth performance of frogs, the present study examined the growth of one-year-old and two-year-old brown frogs (Rana dybowskii) from metamorphosis to hibernation (18 weeks) and out-hibernation to hibernation (20 weeks) under the same environmental conditions. Brown frog growth was studied and mathematically modelled using various nonlinear, linear, and polynomial functions. The model input values were statistically evaluated using parameters such as the Akaike’s information criterion. The body weight/size ratio (Kwl) and Fulton’s condition factor (K) were used to compare the weight and size of groups of frogs during the growth period. The results showed that the third- and fourth-order polynomial models provided the most consistent predictions of body weight for age 1 and age 2 brown frogs, respectively. Both the Gompertz and third-order polynomial models yielded similarly adequate results for the body size of age 1 brown frogs, while the Janoschek model produced a similarly adequate result for the body size of age 2 brown frogs. The Brody and Janoschek models yielded the highest and lowest estimates of asymptotic weight, respectively, for the body weights of all frogs. The Kwl value of all frogs increased from 0.40 to 3.18. The K value of age 1 frogs decreased from 23.81 to 9.45 in the first four weeks. The K value of age 2 frogs remained close to 10. Graphically, a sigmoidal trend was observed for body weight and body size with increasing age. The results of this study will be useful not only for amphibian research but also for frog farming management strategies and decisions.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Qing Tong
creator: Xiao-peng Du
creator: Zong-fu Hu
creator: Li-yong Cui
creator: Hong-bin Wang
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Aquaculture
subject: Fisheries and Fish Science
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4587
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Tong et al.
abstract: Well-controlled development leads to uniform body size and a better growth rate; therefore, the ability to determine the growth rate of frogs and their period of sexual maturity is essential for producing healthy, high-quality descendant frogs. To establish a working model that can best predict the growth performance of frogs, the present study examined the growth of one-year-old and two-year-old brown frogs (Rana dybowskii) from metamorphosis to hibernation (18 weeks) and out-hibernation to hibernation (20 weeks) under the same environmental conditions. Brown frog growth was studied and mathematically modelled using various nonlinear, linear, and polynomial functions. The model input values were statistically evaluated using parameters such as the Akaike’s information criterion. The body weight/size ratio (Kwl) and Fulton’s condition factor (K) were used to compare the weight and size of groups of frogs during the growth period. The results showed that the third- and fourth-order polynomial models provided the most consistent predictions of body weight for age 1 and age 2 brown frogs, respectively. Both the Gompertz and third-order polynomial models yielded similarly adequate results for the body size of age 1 brown frogs, while the Janoschek model produced a similarly adequate result for the body size of age 2 brown frogs. The Brody and Janoschek models yielded the highest and lowest estimates of asymptotic weight, respectively, for the body weights of all frogs. The Kwl value of all frogs increased from 0.40 to 3.18. The K value of age 1 frogs decreased from 23.81 to 9.45 in the first four weeks. The K value of age 2 frogs remained close to 10. Graphically, a sigmoidal trend was observed for body weight and body size with increasing age. The results of this study will be useful not only for amphibian research but also for frog farming management strategies and decisions.
bibliographic citation: Tong et al. (2018) Modelling the growth of the brown frog (Rana dybowskii). PeerJ 6:e4587 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4587
date submitted: 2017-11-22
date accepted: 2018-03-19
issued: 2018-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Tong
  given name: Qing
author list: Agent
  family name: Du
  given name: Xiao-peng
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Zong-fu
author list: Agent
  family name: Cui
  given name: Li-yong
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Hong-bin
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4587
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-16
copyright: © 2018 Tong et al.
attribution name: Tong et al.

Breast fibroblasts in both cancer and normal tissues induce phenotypic transformation of breast cancer stem cells: a preliminary study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are associated with the invasion of breast cancer. In recent years, studies have demonstrated different phenotypes among BCSCs. Furthermore, BCSCs of diverse phenotypes are present at different tumour sites and different histological stages. Fibroblasts are involved in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) participate in the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby promoting the acquisition of stem cell characteristics, but little is known about the role of normal fibroblasts (NFs) in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs or about the effect of CAFs and NFs on BCSC phenotypes. Methods A total of six pairs of primary CAFs and NFs were isolated from surgical samples of breast cancer patients and subjected to morphological, immunohistochemical, cell invasion and proteomics analyses. After establishing a cell culture system with conditioned medium from CAFs and NFs, we used the mammosphere formation assay to explore the effect of CAFs and NFs on the self-renewal ability of BCSCs. The effect of CAFs and NFs on the phenotypic differentiation of BCSCs was further analysed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results The isolated CAFs and NFs did not show significant differences in cell morphology or alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, but cell invasion and proteomics analyses demonstrated heterogeneity among these fibroblasts. Both CAFs and NFs could promote the generation of BCSCs, but CAFs displayed a greater ability than NFs in promoting mammosphere formation. Conditioned medium from CAFs increased the proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 positive (ALDH1+) BCSCs, but conditioned medium from NFs was more likely to promote the generation of CD44+CD24− BCSCs from MCF-7 cells. Discussion This study validated the heterogeneity among CAFs and NFs and expanded on the conclusion that fibroblasts promote the generation of cancer stem cells. Our results particularly…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Bixiao Wang
creator: Chunfang Xi
creator: Mingwei Liu
creator: Haichen Sun
creator: Shuang Liu
creator: Lei Song
creator: Hua Kang
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4805
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Wang et al.
abstract: Background Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are associated with the invasion of breast cancer. In recent years, studies have demonstrated different phenotypes among BCSCs. Furthermore, BCSCs of diverse phenotypes are present at different tumour sites and different histological stages. Fibroblasts are involved in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) participate in the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby promoting the acquisition of stem cell characteristics, but little is known about the role of normal fibroblasts (NFs) in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs or about the effect of CAFs and NFs on BCSC phenotypes. Methods A total of six pairs of primary CAFs and NFs were isolated from surgical samples of breast cancer patients and subjected to morphological, immunohistochemical, cell invasion and proteomics analyses. After establishing a cell culture system with conditioned medium from CAFs and NFs, we used the mammosphere formation assay to explore the effect of CAFs and NFs on the self-renewal ability of BCSCs. The effect of CAFs and NFs on the phenotypic differentiation of BCSCs was further analysed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results The isolated CAFs and NFs did not show significant differences in cell morphology or alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, but cell invasion and proteomics analyses demonstrated heterogeneity among these fibroblasts. Both CAFs and NFs could promote the generation of BCSCs, but CAFs displayed a greater ability than NFs in promoting mammosphere formation. Conditioned medium from CAFs increased the proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 positive (ALDH1+) BCSCs, but conditioned medium from NFs was more likely to promote the generation of CD44+CD24− BCSCs from MCF-7 cells. Discussion This study validated the heterogeneity among CAFs and NFs and expanded on the conclusion that fibroblasts promote the generation of cancer stem cells. Our results particularly…
bibliographic citation: Wang et al. (2018) Breast fibroblasts in both cancer and normal tissues induce phenotypic transformation of breast cancer stem cells: a preliminary study. PeerJ 6:e4805 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4805
date submitted: 2017-12-15
date accepted: 2018-04-29
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Bixiao
author list: Agent
  family name: Xi
  given name: Chunfang
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Mingwei
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Haichen
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Shuang
author list: Agent
  family name: Song
  given name: Lei
author list: Agent
  family name: Kang
  given name: Hua
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4805
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15
copyright: © 2018 Wang et al.
attribution name: Wang et al.

Latent profiles of elite Malaysian athletes’ use of psychological skills and techniques and relations with mental toughness
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The majority of past work on athletes’ use of psychological skills and techniques (PSTs) has adopted a variable-centered approach in which the statistical relations among study variables are averaged across a sample. However, variable-centered-analyses exclude the possibility that PSTs may be used in tandem or combined in different ways across practice and competition settings. With this empirical gap in mind, the purposes of this study were to identify the number and type of profiles of elite athletes’ use of PSTs, and examine differences between these clusters in terms of their self-reported mental toughness. Methods In this cross-sectional survey study, 285 Malaysian elite athletes (170 males, 115 females) aged 15–44 years (M = 18.89, SD = 4.49) completed measures of various PSTs and mental toughness. Latent profile analysis was employed to determine the type and number of profiles that best represent athletes’ reports of their use of PSTs in practice and competition settings, and examine differences between these classes in terms of self-reported mental toughness. Results Our results revealed three profiles (low, moderate, high use) in both practice and competition settings that were distinguished primarily according to quantitative differences in the absolute levels of reported use across most of the PSTs assessed in practice and competition settings, which in turn, were differentially related with mental toughness. Specifically, higher use of PSTs was associated with higher levels of mental toughness. Conclusion This study provides one of the first analyses of the different configurations of athletes’ use of PSTs that typify unique subgroups of performers. An important next step is to examine the longitudinal (in) stability of such classes and therefore provide insight into the temporal dynamics of different configurations of athletes’ use of PSTs.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Vellapandian Ponnusamy
creator: Robin L.J. Lines
creator: Chun-Qing Zhang
creator: Daniel F. Gucciardi
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4778
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Ponnusamy et al.
abstract: Background The majority of past work on athletes’ use of psychological skills and techniques (PSTs) has adopted a variable-centered approach in which the statistical relations among study variables are averaged across a sample. However, variable-centered-analyses exclude the possibility that PSTs may be used in tandem or combined in different ways across practice and competition settings. With this empirical gap in mind, the purposes of this study were to identify the number and type of profiles of elite athletes’ use of PSTs, and examine differences between these clusters in terms of their self-reported mental toughness. Methods In this cross-sectional survey study, 285 Malaysian elite athletes (170 males, 115 females) aged 15–44 years (M = 18.89, SD = 4.49) completed measures of various PSTs and mental toughness. Latent profile analysis was employed to determine the type and number of profiles that best represent athletes’ reports of their use of PSTs in practice and competition settings, and examine differences between these classes in terms of self-reported mental toughness. Results Our results revealed three profiles (low, moderate, high use) in both practice and competition settings that were distinguished primarily according to quantitative differences in the absolute levels of reported use across most of the PSTs assessed in practice and competition settings, which in turn, were differentially related with mental toughness. Specifically, higher use of PSTs was associated with higher levels of mental toughness. Conclusion This study provides one of the first analyses of the different configurations of athletes’ use of PSTs that typify unique subgroups of performers. An important next step is to examine the longitudinal (in) stability of such classes and therefore provide insight into the temporal dynamics of different configurations of athletes’ use of PSTs.
bibliographic citation: Ponnusamy et al. (2018) Latent profiles of elite Malaysian athletes’ use of psychological skills and techniques and relations with mental toughness. PeerJ 6:e4778 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4778
date submitted: 2018-02-12
date accepted: 2018-04-26
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ponnusamy
  given name: Vellapandian
author list: Agent
  family name: Lines
  given name: Robin L.J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Chun-Qing
author list: Agent
  family name: Gucciardi
  given name: Daniel F.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4778
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15
copyright: © 2018 Ponnusamy et al.
attribution name: Ponnusamy et al.

Protection of cultured brain endothelial cells from cytokine-induced damage by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The blood–brain barrier (BBB), an interface between the systemic circulation and the nervous system, can be a target of cytokines in inflammatory conditions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induce damage in brain endothelial cells and BBB dysfunction which contribute to neuronal injury. The neuroprotective effects of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) were investigated in experimental models, but there are no data related to the BBB. Based on our recent study, in which α-MSH reduced barrier dysfunction in human intestinal epithelial cells induced by TNF-α and IL-1β, we hypothesized a protective effect of α-MSH on brain endothelial cells. We examined the effect of these two pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the neuropeptide α-MSH on a culture model of the BBB, primary rat brain endothelial cells co-cultured with rat brain pericytes and glial cells. We demonstrated the expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in isolated rat brain microvessels and cultured brain endothelial cells by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TNF-α and IL-1β induced cell damage, measured by impedance and MTT assay, which was attenuated by α-MSH (1 and 10 pM). The peptide inhibited the cytokine-induced increase in brain endothelial permeability, and restored the morphological changes in cellular junctions visualized by immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB were also reduced by α-MSH in brain endothelial cells stimulated by cytokines. We demonstrated for the first time the direct beneficial effect of α-MSH on cultured brain endothelial cells, indicating that this neurohormone may be protective at the BBB.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: András Harazin
creator: Alexandra Bocsik
creator: Lilla Barna
creator: András Kincses
creator: Judit Váradi
creator: Ferenc Fenyvesi
creator: Vilmos Tubak
creator: Maria A. Deli
creator: Miklós Vecsernyés
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4774
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Harazin et al.
abstract: The blood–brain barrier (BBB), an interface between the systemic circulation and the nervous system, can be a target of cytokines in inflammatory conditions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induce damage in brain endothelial cells and BBB dysfunction which contribute to neuronal injury. The neuroprotective effects of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) were investigated in experimental models, but there are no data related to the BBB. Based on our recent study, in which α-MSH reduced barrier dysfunction in human intestinal epithelial cells induced by TNF-α and IL-1β, we hypothesized a protective effect of α-MSH on brain endothelial cells. We examined the effect of these two pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the neuropeptide α-MSH on a culture model of the BBB, primary rat brain endothelial cells co-cultured with rat brain pericytes and glial cells. We demonstrated the expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in isolated rat brain microvessels and cultured brain endothelial cells by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TNF-α and IL-1β induced cell damage, measured by impedance and MTT assay, which was attenuated by α-MSH (1 and 10 pM). The peptide inhibited the cytokine-induced increase in brain endothelial permeability, and restored the morphological changes in cellular junctions visualized by immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB were also reduced by α-MSH in brain endothelial cells stimulated by cytokines. We demonstrated for the first time the direct beneficial effect of α-MSH on cultured brain endothelial cells, indicating that this neurohormone may be protective at the BBB.
bibliographic citation: Harazin et al. (2018) Protection of cultured brain endothelial cells from cytokine-induced damage by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. PeerJ 6:e4774 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4774
date submitted: 2018-02-21
date accepted: 2018-04-23
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Harazin
  given name: András
author list: Agent
  family name: Bocsik
  given name: Alexandra
author list: Agent
  family name: Barna
  given name: Lilla
author list: Agent
  family name: Kincses
  given name: András
author list: Agent
  family name: Váradi
  given name: Judit
author list: Agent
  family name: Fenyvesi
  given name: Ferenc
author list: Agent
  family name: Tubak
  given name: Vilmos
author list: Agent
  family name: Deli
  given name: Maria A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Vecsernyés
  given name: Miklós
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4774
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15
copyright: © 2018 Harazin et al.
attribution name: Harazin et al.

Unfolding of α-helical 20-residue poly-glutamic acid analyzed by multiple runs of canonical molecular dynamics simulations
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Elucidating the molecular mechanism of helix–coil transitions of short peptides is a long-standing conundrum in physical chemistry. Although the helix–coil transitions of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) have been extensively studied, the molecular details of its unfolding process still remain unclear. We performed all-atom canonical molecular dynamics simulations for a 20-residue PGA, over a total of 19 μs, in order to investigate its helix-unfolding processes in atomic resolution. Among the 28 simulations, starting with the α-helical conformation, all showed an unfolding process triggered by the unwinding of terminal residues, rather than by kinking and unwinding of the middle region of the chain. The helix–coil–helix conformation which is speculated by the previous experiments was not observed. Upon comparison between the N- and C-termini, the latter tended to be unstable and easily unfolded. While the probabilities of helix elongation were almost the same among the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal regions of the chain, unwinding of the helix was enriched at the C-terminal region. The turn and 310-helix conformations were kinetic intermediates in the formation and deformation of α-helix, consistent with the previous computational studies for Ala-based peptides.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Naoki Ogasawara
creator: Kota Kasahara
creator: Ryosuke Iwai
creator: Takuya Takahashi
subject: Biophysics
subject: Computational Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4769
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Ogasawara et al.
abstract: Elucidating the molecular mechanism of helix–coil transitions of short peptides is a long-standing conundrum in physical chemistry. Although the helix–coil transitions of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) have been extensively studied, the molecular details of its unfolding process still remain unclear. We performed all-atom canonical molecular dynamics simulations for a 20-residue PGA, over a total of 19 μs, in order to investigate its helix-unfolding processes in atomic resolution. Among the 28 simulations, starting with the α-helical conformation, all showed an unfolding process triggered by the unwinding of terminal residues, rather than by kinking and unwinding of the middle region of the chain. The helix–coil–helix conformation which is speculated by the previous experiments was not observed. Upon comparison between the N- and C-termini, the latter tended to be unstable and easily unfolded. While the probabilities of helix elongation were almost the same among the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal regions of the chain, unwinding of the helix was enriched at the C-terminal region. The turn and 310-helix conformations were kinetic intermediates in the formation and deformation of α-helix, consistent with the previous computational studies for Ala-based peptides.
bibliographic citation: Ogasawara et al. (2018) Unfolding of α-helical 20-residue poly-glutamic acid analyzed by multiple runs of canonical molecular dynamics simulations. PeerJ 6:e4769 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4769
date submitted: 2018-02-20
date accepted: 2018-04-24
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ogasawara
  given name: Naoki
author list: Agent
  family name: Kasahara
  given name: Kota
author list: Agent
  family name: Iwai
  given name: Ryosuke
author list: Agent
  family name: Takahashi
  given name: Takuya
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4769
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15
copyright: © 2018 Ogasawara et al.
attribution name: Ogasawara et al.

An examination of the impact of Olson’s extinction on tetrapods from Texas
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: It has been suggested that a transition between a pelycosaurian-grade synapsid dominated fauna of the Cisuralian (early Permian) and the therapsid dominated fauna of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) was accompanied by, and possibly driven by, a mass extinction dubbed Olson’s Extinction. However, this interpretation of the record has recently been criticised as being a result of inappropriate time-binning strategies: calculating species richness within international stages or substages combines extinctions occurring throughout the late Kungurian stage into a single event. To address this criticism, I examine the best record available for the time of the extinction, the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas, at a finer stratigraphic scale than those previously employed. Species richness is calculated using four different time-binning schemes: the traditional Land Vertebrate Faunachrons (LVFs); a re-definition of the LVFs using constrained cluster analysis; individual formations treated as time bins; and a stochastic approach assigning specimens to half-million-year bins. Diversity is calculated at the genus and species level, both with and without subsampling, and extinction rates are also inferred. Under all time-binning schemes, both at the genus and species level, a substantial drop in diversity occurs during the Redtankian LVF. Extinction rates are raised above background rates throughout this time, but the biggest peak occurs in the Choza Formation (uppermost Redtankian), coinciding with the disappearance from the fossil record of several of amphibian clades. This study, carried out at a finer stratigraphic scale than previous examinations, indicates that Olson’s Extinction is not an artefact of the method used to bin data by time in previous analyses.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Neil Brocklehurst
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4767
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018 Brocklehurst
abstract: It has been suggested that a transition between a pelycosaurian-grade synapsid dominated fauna of the Cisuralian (early Permian) and the therapsid dominated fauna of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) was accompanied by, and possibly driven by, a mass extinction dubbed Olson’s Extinction. However, this interpretation of the record has recently been criticised as being a result of inappropriate time-binning strategies: calculating species richness within international stages or substages combines extinctions occurring throughout the late Kungurian stage into a single event. To address this criticism, I examine the best record available for the time of the extinction, the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas, at a finer stratigraphic scale than those previously employed. Species richness is calculated using four different time-binning schemes: the traditional Land Vertebrate Faunachrons (LVFs); a re-definition of the LVFs using constrained cluster analysis; individual formations treated as time bins; and a stochastic approach assigning specimens to half-million-year bins. Diversity is calculated at the genus and species level, both with and without subsampling, and extinction rates are also inferred. Under all time-binning schemes, both at the genus and species level, a substantial drop in diversity occurs during the Redtankian LVF. Extinction rates are raised above background rates throughout this time, but the biggest peak occurs in the Choza Formation (uppermost Redtankian), coinciding with the disappearance from the fossil record of several of amphibian clades. This study, carried out at a finer stratigraphic scale than previous examinations, indicates that Olson’s Extinction is not an artefact of the method used to bin data by time in previous analyses.
bibliographic citation: Brocklehurst (2018) An examination of the impact of Olson’s extinction on tetrapods from Texas. PeerJ 6:e4767 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4767
date submitted: 2018-02-10
date accepted: 2018-04-22
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Brocklehurst
  given name: Neil
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4767
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15
copyright: ©2018 Brocklehurst
attribution name: Brocklehurst

Impact of Front Range sources on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Human influenced atmospheric reactive nitrogen (RN) is impacting ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO). Due to ROMO’s protected status as a Class 1 area, these changes are concerning, and improving our understanding of the contributions of different types of RN and their sources is important for reducing impacts in ROMO. In July–August 2014 the most comprehensive measurements (to date) of RN were made in ROMO during the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ). Measurements included peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), C1–C5 alkyl nitrates, and high-time resolution NOx, NOy, and ammonia. A limited set of measurements was extended through October. Co-located measurements of a suite of volatile organic compounds provide information on source types impacting ROMO. Specifically, we use ethane as a tracer of oil and gas operations and tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) as an urban tracer to investigate their relationship with RN species and transport patterns. Results of this analysis suggest elevated RN concentrations are associated with emissions from oil and gas operations, which are frequently co-located with agricultural production and livestock feeding areas in the region, and from urban areas. There also are periods where RN at ROMO is impacted by long-range transport. We present an atmospheric RN budget and a nitrogen deposition budget with dry and wet components. Total deposition for the period (7/1–9/30) was estimated at 1.58 kg N/ha, with 87% from wet deposition during this period of above average precipitation. Ammonium wet deposition was the dominant contributor to total nitrogen deposition followed by nitrate wet deposition and total dry deposition. Ammonia was estimated to be the largest contributor to dry deposition followed by nitric acid and PAN (other species included alkyl nitrates, ammonium and nitrate). All three species are challenging to measure routinely, especially at high time resolution.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Katherine B. Benedict
creator: Anthony J. Prenni
creator: Amy P. Sullivan
creator: Ashley R. Evanoski-Cole
creator: Emily V. Fischer
creator: Sara Callahan
creator: Barkley C. Sive
creator: Yong Zhou
creator: Bret A. Schichtel
creator: Jeffrey L. Collett Jr
subject: Biosphere Interactions
subject: Atmospheric Chemistry
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.4759
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2018
abstract: Human influenced atmospheric reactive nitrogen (RN) is impacting ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO). Due to ROMO’s protected status as a Class 1 area, these changes are concerning, and improving our understanding of the contributions of different types of RN and their sources is important for reducing impacts in ROMO. In July–August 2014 the most comprehensive measurements (to date) of RN were made in ROMO during the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ). Measurements included peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), C1–C5 alkyl nitrates, and high-time resolution NOx, NOy, and ammonia. A limited set of measurements was extended through October. Co-located measurements of a suite of volatile organic compounds provide information on source types impacting ROMO. Specifically, we use ethane as a tracer of oil and gas operations and tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) as an urban tracer to investigate their relationship with RN species and transport patterns. Results of this analysis suggest elevated RN concentrations are associated with emissions from oil and gas operations, which are frequently co-located with agricultural production and livestock feeding areas in the region, and from urban areas. There also are periods where RN at ROMO is impacted by long-range transport. We present an atmospheric RN budget and a nitrogen deposition budget with dry and wet components. Total deposition for the period (7/1–9/30) was estimated at 1.58 kg N/ha, with 87% from wet deposition during this period of above average precipitation. Ammonium wet deposition was the dominant contributor to total nitrogen deposition followed by nitrate wet deposition and total dry deposition. Ammonia was estimated to be the largest contributor to dry deposition followed by nitric acid and PAN (other species included alkyl nitrates, ammonium and nitrate). All three species are challenging to measure routinely, especially at high time resolution.
bibliographic citation: Benedict et al. (2018) Impact of Front Range sources on reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park. PeerJ 6:e4759 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4759
date submitted: 2018-02-19
date accepted: 2018-04-23
issued: 2018-05-15
is part of: PeerJ
license: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Benedict
  given name: Katherine B.
author list: Agent
  family name: Prenni
  given name: Anthony J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Sullivan
  given name: Amy P.
author list: Agent
  family name: Evanoski-Cole
  given name: Ashley R.
author list: Agent
  family name: Fischer
  given name: Emily V.
author list: Agent
  family name: Callahan
  given name: Sara
author list: Agent
  family name: Sive
  given name: Barkley C.
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Yong
author list: Agent
  family name: Schichtel
  given name: Bret A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Collett Jr
  given name: Jeffrey L.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.4759
volume: 6
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2018-05-15

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359