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2025	A Comprehensive Survey on Urdu Hate Speech Detection: Methods, Evaluation, and Challenges IEEE Access Ijaz Hussain, Umar Farooq, Ammara Nawaz Cheema, Ibrahim M. Almanjahie
2025	Urdu Toxicity Detection: A Multi-Stage and Multi-Label Classification Approach AI Ayesha Rashid, Sajid Mahmood, Usman Inayat, Muhammad Fahad Zia
2025	UEF-HOCUrdu: Unified Embeddings Ensemble Framework for Hate and Offensive Text Classification in Urdu IEEE Access Kifayat Ullah, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Faten S. Alamri, Amjad Rehman Khan
2025	Urdu Toxic Comment Classification With PURUTT Corpus Development IEEE Access Hafiz Hassaan Saeed, Tahir Khalil, Faisal Kamiran
2024	Hate Speech and Target Community Detection in Nastaliq Urdu Using Transfer Learning Techniques IEEE Access Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Aftab Nawaz, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom
2024	2024 13th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART) M. Nisha Manikant
2024	Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics Subbaraju Pericherla, Lakshmi Hyma Rudraraju, Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey
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