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2025	ORUD-Detect: A Comprehensive Approach to Offensive Language Detection in Roman Urdu Using Hybrid Machine Learning–Deep Learning Models with Embedding Techniques Information Nisar Hussain, Amna Qasim, Gull Mehak, Olga Kolesnikova, Alexander Gelbukh, Grigori Sidorov
2025	A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approaches for Identifying Assamese Abusive Comments on Social Media Procedia Computer Science Tulika Chutia, Nomi Baruah, Paramananda Sonowal
2025	Urdu Toxic Comment Classification With PURUTT Corpus Development IEEE Access Hafiz Hassaan Saeed, Tahir Khalil, Faisal Kamiran
2025	Optimized Identification of Sentence-Level Multiclass Events on Urdu-Language-Text Using Machine Learning Techniques IEEE Access Somia Ali, Uzma Jamil, Muhammad Younas, Bushra Zafar, Muhammad Kashif Hanif
2025	UEF-HOCUrdu: Unified Embeddings Ensemble Framework for Hate and Offensive Text Classification in Urdu IEEE Access Kifayat Ullah, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Faten S. Alamri, Amjad Rehman Khan
2025	A Comprehensive Survey on Urdu Hate Speech Detection: Methods, Evaluation, and Challenges IEEE Access Ijaz Hussain, Umar Farooq, Ammara Nawaz Cheema, Ibrahim M. Almanjahie
2025	Hate Speech Detection Research in South Asian Languages: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets and Methods ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing Deepawali Sharma, Tanusree Nath, Vedika Gupta, Vivek Kumar Singh
2025	Explainable threatening tweets identification using abstract meaning representation graph and pattern structure approaches Intelligent Data Analysis: An International Journal Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Anna Nazarova, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom
2025	An Automatic Approach for the Identification of Offensive Language in Perso-Arabic Urdu Language: Dataset Creation and Evaluation IEEE Access Salah Ud Din, Shah Khusro, Farman Ali Khan, Munir Ahmad, Oualid Ali, Taher M. Ghazal
2024	Deepthreatexplainer: a united explainable predictor for threat comments identification on Twitter Social Network Analysis and Mining Anna Nazarova, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Dmitry I. Ignatov, Ibrar Hussain
2024	Detection of violence incitation expressions in Urdu tweets using convolutional neural network Expert Systems with Applications Muhammad Shahid Khan, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Aamer Nadeem
2024	Hate Speech and Target Community Detection in Nastaliq Urdu Using Transfer Learning Techniques IEEE Access Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Aftab Nawaz, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom
2024	Effectiveness of ELMo embeddings, and semantic models in predicting review helpfulness Intelligent Data Analysis Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Aftab Nawaz, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom, Dmitry I. Ignatov
2024	Categorization of tweets for damages: infrastructure and human damage assessment using fine-tuned BERT model PeerJ Computer Science Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Muhammad Zeeshan Younas, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom, Dmitry I. Ignatov
2024	Lecture Notes in Computer Science Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik
2024	Abusive Language Detection in Urdu Text: Leveraging Deep Learning and Attention Mechanism IEEE Access Atif Khan, Abrar Ahmed, Salman Jan, Muhammad Bilal, Megat F. Zuhairi
2023	Fine-Tuning Transformer Models Using Transfer Learning for Multilingual Threatening Text Identification IEEE Access Muhammad Rehan, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom
2023	Multilingual hope speech detection: A Robust framework using transfer learning of fine-tuning RoBERTa model Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Anna Nazarova, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom, Dmitry I. Ignatov
2023	Contextual Embeddings based on Fine-tuned Urdu-BERT for Urdu threatening content and target identification Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences Muhammad Shahid Iqbal Malik, Uswa Cheema, Dmitry I. Ignatov
2023	Detection of offensive terms in resource-poor language using machine learning algorithms PeerJ Computer Science Muhammad Owais Raza, Naeem Ahmed Mahoto, Mohammed Hamdi, Mana Saleh Al Reshan, Adel Rajab, Asadullah Shaikh
2023	Pashto offensive language detection: a benchmark dataset and monolingual Pashto BERT PeerJ Computer Science Ijazul Haq, Weidong Qiu, Jie Guo, Peng Tang