Chemistry, taxonomy and ecology of the potentially chimpanzee-dispersed Vepris teva sp.nov. (Rutaceae) endangered in coastal thicket in the Congo Republic

Taxonomy

The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. In addition, new names contained in this work which have been issued with identifiers by IPNI will eventually be made available to the Global Names Index. The IPNI LSIDs can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID contained in this publication to the prefix “http://ipni.org/”. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central, and CLOCKSS.

Fieldwork in the Republic of Congo resulting in the specimens and observations cited in this article was conducted with the collaboration and support of the CERVE (Centre d’Etudes sur les Ressources Végétales) (currently named IRSEN (Institut de Recherche National en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Brazzaville))-National Herbarium of Congo and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew beginning in 2010 under research permit (Autorisation de Recherche) 021/MRS/DGRST/DMAST (issued 2 November 2010), and the specimens were exported under permit (Autorisation D’Exportation des Énchantillons Botaniques) number 003/CERVE/57/2011 (issued 4 December 2011). At the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, fieldwork was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kew entitled the Overseas Fieldwork Committee (OFC) for which the registration number was OFC 490-3–490-6 (2010–2011). The most complete set of duplicates for all specimens made was deposited at IEC, the remainder exported to K for identification and distribution following standard practice.

The taxonomic study is based on herbarium specimens and observations of live material in Congo-Brazzaville made by the second two authors and their colleagues in 2010–2012. Herbarium citations follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, continuously updated), nomenclature follows Turland et al. (2018) and binomial authorities follow IPNI (2021). The methodology for the surveys in which the specimens were collected is given in Cheek & Cable (1997). All specimens cited have been seen. Material of the suspected new species was compared morphologically with material of all other species African Vepris, principally at K, but also using material and images from BM, EA, BR, FHO, G, GC, HNG, P and YA. Specimens at WAG were viewed on the Naturalis website (https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/). The main online herbarium used during the study apart from that of WAG was that of P (https://science.mnhn.fr/all/search). Herbarium material was examined with a Leica Wild M8 dissecting binocular microscope fitted with an eyepiece graticule measuring in units of 0.025 mm at maximum magnification. The drawing was made with the same equipment using a Leica 308700 camera lucida attachment.

Ecology

Once Vepris teva was detected as being new to science, seemingly restricted to coastal white sands (with other new and threatened species) in July 2011 we conducted desk-top studies using Google Earth to find other areas of this poorly studied habitat where it survives in the Republic of Congo. We visited these areas in November–December 2012, travelling by road from the northern border with Gabon to the southern border with Angola (Cabinda) to visit targeted sites, but also ground-truthing sites in different but adjoining habitats to test whether the species was indeed restricted to the white sand habitat.

Chemistry

Samples were made from live plants (preferable to preserved material for chemical analysis) cultivated from seed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew which were associated with the herbarium collections Mpandzou et al. 1754 (IEC, K) collected with the authorisation of Herbier National, Institut de Recherche National en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN formerly CERVE, see permit references below), Cité Scientifique de Brazzaville. Two plants, grown from seed, were cultivated in 3 inch (c. 8 cm) diam. plastic pots, using a free-draining potting medium of 25% Coir (coconut husk fibre), 17% each of Seramis (baked expanded clay granules), medium Perlite (amorphous volcanic glass) and fine bark, 12% loam and 12% grit, with a slow-release fertiliser. Plants were cultivated in a glasshouse in full light, with temperature maintained in the range 21–25 deg. Celsius. The humidity goal is 70%, achieved by spraying over and damping down the floor at least twice a day. Watering is usually once per day, and feeding twice a week in summer, once in winter, with an additional weekly Kelp feed.

The plants grew very slowly, reaching only 15 cm in height, and not becoming reproductive, even after 10 years of cultivation, before they died in 2021. The cause of death is unknown. This suggests that there is scope to develop an improved cultivation protocol. The RBG, Kew reference number for this accession was 2019-14.

Spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis were conducted as follows: the FTIR spectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer Frontier/Spotlight 200 spectrometer, and the acquired data used to determine the functional groups present in the compounds. 1D and 2D NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃ on a 400 MHz Bruker AVANCE NMR instrument at room temperature. Chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm and were referenced against the solvent resonances at δ_H 7.26 and δ_C 77.23 ppm for ¹H and ¹³C NMR for CDCl₃. Accurate masses, for determination of molecular formulae of the compounds, were recorded on a Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion spectrometer. Purity of compounds was monitored via thin layer chromatography (TLC) using pre-coated aluminium-backed plates (silica gel 60 F₂₅₄; Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and compounds were visualised by UV radiation at 254 nm and then using an anisaldehyde spray reagent (1% p-anisaldehyde:2% H₂SO₄:97% cold MeOH) followed by heating. Final purifications used preparative thin layer chromatography (Merck 818133) and gravity column chromatography that was carried out using a 2 cm diameter column, which were packed with silica gel (Merck Art. 9385) in selected solvent systems.

The leaves were freeze-dried and ground to fine powder using a blender. The dried leaves (37 g) were successively extracted using methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) solvent to target non-polar and semi-polar compounds and methanol solvent (MeOH) to target polar compounds. The CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH extracts obtained were 1.7 g and 4.3 g respectively. The methylene chloride extract was subjected to gravity column chromatography packed with a 1:1 blend of silica gel merck 9385 and eluted isocratically using 10% ethyl acetate in methylene chloride, collecting 35 mL. The fractions were monitored using TLC and fractions with the same retention times were pooled. Fractions 12–13 gave compound 5 which was determined to be 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridone (Haensel & Cybulski, 1978). Fractions 14–18 gave compound 6 which was determined to be ß-amyrin (Okoye et al., 2014). Fractions 23–25 gave compound 2 which was determined to be maculine (Vaquette et al., 1976). Fractions 34–35 gave compound 4 which was determined to be arborinine (Haensel & Cybulski, 1978). Fractions 40–47 gave compound 3 which was determined to be flindersiamine (Vaquette et al., 1976) and fractions 55–63 gave compound 1 which was determined to be kokusaginine (Pusset et al., 1991).

Extinction risk assessment

Points were georeferenced using locality information from herbarium specimens. The map was made using simplemappr (Shorthouse, 2010). The conservation assessment was made using the categories and criteria of IUCN (2012), EOO was calculated with GeoCat (Bachman et al., 2011). Threats were observed by the second two authors directly in the field in Republic of Congo.

Chemistry

The structures of the alkaloids were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis, and the spectra of the known compounds were compared to those previously reported. The compounds were three furoquinoline alkaloids, kokusaginine (1) (Pusset et al., 1991), maculine (2) (Vaquette et al., 1976) and flindersiamine (3) (Vaquette et al., 1976), two acridone alkaloids, arborinine (4) (Haensel & Cybulski, 1978) and 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridone (5) (Haensel & Cybulski, 1978), and one triterpenoid, ß-amyrin (6) (Okoye et al., 2014) (Fig. 1).

This combination of secondary compounds matches none of those reported from the 32 taxa of Vepris that have been chemically investigated to date (Ombito, Chi & Wansi, 2021). While compounds 1–4 are relatively widespread in the investigated species, each having been recorded in 9–12 taxa, compound 5 is recorded only in one species, Vepris pilosa (Baker)I.Verd. (now a synonym of V. glomerata (F.Hoffm.)Engl.). However, compounds 2 & 3 have not been recorded in Vepris glomerata. Compound 6 has not been reported previously from Vepris. The chemical results therefore do not conflict with the morphologically-based conclusion that Vepris sp. 1 is new to science (see below).

Morphology

The morphological characteristics of Vepris sp. 1 are highly unusual within the genus. The subsessile leaves of the fertile stems with the median petiolule far exceeding the petiolule in length is unique within the genus. The leathery-walled, syncarpous, four-loculed, and slightly lobed, subverrucate fruits which have fleshy-juicy mesocarp surrounding the seeds are otherwise known in only one species, Vepris glaberrima, formerly segregated as the monotypic genus Oriciopsis. The two species share several unusual characters, such as numerous parallel, straight secondary and intersecondary nerves, with few quaternary nerves, sparse oil glands and long median petiolules, suggesting they are sister species. Vepris sp. 1 however differs greatly from the last species in the characters indicated below in Table 1 and in the diagnosis below.

Vepris teva Cheek sp. nov.–Figs. 2 and 3.

Type. Republic of Congo, Kouilou, Port 8, along coast just northwest of Pointe Noire, near Pointe Indienne, 4° 42′ 46.5′S, 11° 49′ 18.3″E, 10 m elev., fl. 23 Novemer 2011, T. Kami et al. 1227 (holotype K000875074; isotypes EA, IEC, MO, P, US)

Syn. Vepris sp. 1 of Pointe Noire.

Diagnosis: differs from all known trifoliolate species of Vepris in the median petiolule far exceeding the petiole in length (usually by a factor of 2–4 times) on reproductive stems, especially near the stem apex (vs petiole exceeding petiolule in length in all other species). Most similar to Vepris glaberrima (Engl.) J.B.Hall ex D.J. Harris in the soft, leathery-fleshy, four-loculed, and slightly lobed, subverrucate syncarpous fruit, differing in the inflorescences exceeding the petiole in length (vs shorter than the petioles), the secondary nerves (10–)11–16(–18) on each side of the midrib (vs 20–30), the leaflet apices shortly rounded-acuminate (vs long, acutely acuminate) and other characters shown in Table 1 above.

Dioecious (probably) shrub 0.5–1.5 m tall, moderately branched, glabrous apart from the bracteole margins. Stems terete, internodes (0–)0.9–5.3(–7.5) cm long, (1.5–)2–3.5(–4) mm diam. at lowest leafy node, epidermis glossy, medium brown, finely longitudinally striate, at length splitting longitudinally, soon lenticellate, lenticels very sparse white, orbicular or elliptic, often longitudinally divided in two, (0.3–)0.5–1.3(–2.25) × (0.2–)0.3–0.6(–0.9) mm.

Leaves alternate, trifoliolate (rarely unifoliolate), median leaflet usually slightly longer than lateral leaflets, elliptic, less usually obovate-elliptic, (4.5–)5.5–10.6(–14.3) × (2–)2.7–3.5(–5.2) cm, acumen broadly triangular (0.3–)0.4–0.9(–1) × 0.25–0.45 cm, apex rounded, base acute-decurrent, secondary nerves (10–)11–16(–18) on each side of the midrib, arising at 50–80° from the midrib, straight, united by a slightly looping inframarginal vein 0.6–1.2 mm from the margin (Figs. 1A–1C), tertiary nerves conspicuous on the abaxial but not adaxial surface, mainly parallel to the secondary nerves, uniting transversely only in the outer part of the blade (Fig. 1B), quaternary nerves inconspicuous; oil gland dots translucent in transmitted light, inconspicuous on the adaxial surface, conspicuous but concolorous, raised on the abaxial surface (Figs. 1B and 1C), (2–)4–7(–8) per mm², the diameter of the glands 0.1–0.225 mm; lateral leaflets as the median leaflet, but (4.7–)5.5–8.7(–12.7) × (1.9–)2.2–3.4(–4.25) cm, base acute. Petiolules canaliculate, those of fertile stems exceeding the petiole in length (Figs. 1A and 1C), (0.3–)0.5–1.1(–1.6) cm long, those of median leaflets much longer than the lateral; articulated at junction with the petiole. Petiole canaliculate, those of fertile stems 0.15–0.4(–0.75) cm long, those of sterile stems (e.g., Mpandzou 1653, IEC, K) much longer, 4–5.2 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, less usually axillary in the most distal subapical node(s), thyrsoid, contracted, about as wide as long 0.4–0.85 cm diam., 5–20-flowered, main axis with 1–3 pairs of 1–3-flowered cymes ± evenly spaced from the base; bracts quadrate-triangular, 0.5 × 0.8 mm. Pedicels each subtended by a second order bract and two bracteoles, all ovate-triangular, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3 mm, margins sparingly minutely simple hairy. Female flowers unknown, apart from parts persisting in fruit. Stigma discoid, peltate, subsessile, 1 mm diam. Male flowers with pedicel 1.2–1.5 × 0.5 mm, terete, widening to 0.8–1.2 mm wide below the sepals, lacking conspicuous glands.

Calyx with sepals 4, imbricate, erect, broader than long, transversely semi-elliptic, 0.4–0.7(–0.9) × 1.1–1.6 mm, apex broadly rounded or rounded-obtuse. Petals 4, oblanceolate, concave, erect, 3.2–3.5 × 1.4–1.5 mm, apex obtuse, rounded or minutely retuse, margin membranous, central part thickened with numerous raised oil-glands conspicuous on the abaxial surface. Stamens 8, erect, free, slightly exceeding petals, subequal, the outer 4 with slightly longer filaments than the inner 4, filaments terete, 2.5–3.0 mm long, 0.4 mm wide at base, narrowing gradually to 0.2 mm wide at apex; anthers submedifixed, introrse to lateral dehiscence, oblong-ovate, 1–1.2 × 0.6 mm; disc inconspicuous; ovary (pistillode) obclavate-4-angled/fluted, 3–3.1 × 1.2–1.3 mm, 0.7 mm wide at apex, apex rounded with a slight central depression, in plan view 4-lobed (Fig. 1F) stigmas punctate, minute; 4-locules each biovulate. Fruit in terminal clusters of (1–)2–4, yellow-orange, subglobose or obovoid, apex rounded-slightly depressed, longitudinally 4-grooved to slightly lobed, 11–14 × 11–13 mm, 4-locular but usually with 1–2 locules incompletely formed, 1–2(–4)-seeded by abortion. Pericarp leathery, surface minutely wrinkled to slightly verrucate, 0.5–0.7 mm thick, endocarp bony 0.05 mm thick; mesocarp liquid, sweet to the taste. Seed encased in a cartilaginous, vascular endocarp, ellipsoid, 4–4.5 × 2.4 × 1.8–2 mm (Fig. 1H).

Distribution. Republic of Congo, Kouilou Department, Tchimpounga to Djeno Fig. 4.

Ecology. The evergreen thicket ecosystem on white sand on the Atlantic coast of Africa

Vepris teva is restricted to the key vegetation type, thicket on white sand, that occurs in a coastal ecosystem extending along the equatorial Atlantic coast of Africa in the southern hemisphere. This ecosystem extends from the mouth of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, along the coast through Angolan Cabinda, Republic of Congo into southern Gabon, with some areas thought to extend into Rio Muni of Equatorial Guinea. It extends discontinuously along the coastline for about 1,000 km and extends inland for between 100–3,000 m, and is based on old, partly dissected and flattened, highly leached white sand dunes that run parallel to the coast, alternating with lower, wet or seasonally wet drainage areas often developing black peaty soils, that can develop either swamp forest e.g., with Alstonia congensis Engl. trees and an understorey of Acrostichum aureum L. or a wetland grassland community including Cyperaceae, Utricularia, Drosera, Xyridaceae and Stipularia africana P.Beauv. Thicket develops on the top of the ridges. In the ecotone transition areas, the shallow slopes between the thicket and wetland area, a sparse grassland develops on the upper part of the white sand with Chlorophytum, Dissotis congolensis (Cogn. ex Büttner) Jacq.-Fél., Eulophia caricifolia (Rchb.f.) Summerh., and in the lower damper, seasonally inundated parts of the ecotone, grass species including Anadelphia hamata Stapf, and herbs such as Neurotheca corymbosa Hua, both globally restricted to this vegetation type.

On the seaward side of the dunes a sea-shore community including halophytes develops with succulent species such as Sansevieria longiflora Sims, while in brackish inlets the Atlantic mangrove community is formed, including Rhizophora racemosa G.Mey. On the landward side of the ecosystem two substrates interface with the white sand, red-brown loam, and grey sand which each have their own communities of grassland species. This ecosystem has rarely been referred to in the literature. The best account is probably that by Vande Weghe (2007) regarding the areas in southern Gabon. He refers to a sand-burrowing toad Hemisus perretii Laurent (Vande Weghe, 2007: 250) that is restricted to this ecosystem. Cheek, van der Burgt & Pickering (2010) have characterised this ecosystem in the Republic of Congo after our studies in 2010–2012, recognising the nine habitats referred to above, six of which have threatened, or provisionally threatened plant species often restricted to this ecosystem. However, Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN) species are reported only from two of the habitats: the thicket (13 species) and sparse grassland on white sand habitats (two species). The evergreen thicket which is the habitat to which Vepris teva is restricted is only 2–3 m tall and consists of shrubs, intermixed with very few emergent tree species e.g., Hyphaene guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. and Tessmannia dawei J.Léonard, numerous climbers and several herbs, characteristically:

Common shrubs: Chrysobalanus icaco subsp. icaco L., Syzygium guineense var. guineense (Willd.) D C., Ochna multiflora DC, Dalbergia grandibracteata De Wild., Manilkara lacera (Baker) Dubard, Premna serratifolia L., Rytigynia dewevrei Robyns, Trichoscypha imbricata Engl., Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern, Vismia affinis Oliv., Psychotria kimuenzae De Wild., Psydrax moandensis Bridson, Thomandersia butayei De Wild., Baphia leptostemma subsp. leptostemma Baill. and Leptactina mannii Hook.f.,

Common climbers: Pentarhopalopilia marquesii (Engl.) Hiepko, Uvaria versicolor Pierre ex Engl. & Diels, Calycobolus cabrae (De Wild. & T.Durand) Heine, Jasminum kwangense Liben and Ancylobothrys scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Pichon

Common herbs: Pseuderanthemum lindavianum De Wild. & T. Durand, Coleus calaminthoides Baker and Dracaena braunii Engl.

The grassland is maintained by dry season fires which kill most or all woody plants (Vande Weghe, 2007), none of which, curiously, appear fire-adapted. Such grassland fires were recorded by us in Congo in July 2010. Owing to the sparsity of the herbs in the grassland, fires are not intense due to the low fuel-load. It is sometimes possible for shrubs to establish in grassland. Chrysobalanus icaco is a shrub which, once established, in the absence of fire, can spread laterally to form a thicket in which other species of shrub and tree can colonise, leading towards succession from grassland to thicket.

Among the endemic and highly threatened shrub species of this ecosystem, several apart from Vepris teva, were found to be new to science. Of these, those recently published are Dracaena marina Damen (Damen et al., 2018), Baphia vili Cheek (Cheek, Kami & Kami, 2014), Salacia arenicola Gosline (Gosline, Cheek & Kami, 2014). However, several additional species remain to be published.

Local names and uses. None are recorded.

Etymology. Named for Teva Kami, lead collector of the type specimen, who played a key role in the discovery of this species and further research upon it concerning interactions with chimpanzees (see below).

Conservation. Vepris teva is known from nine specimens and seven sight-records made between July 2011–February 2012. These equate to an area of occupation of 40 km² using the IUCN-preferred 4 km² gridcells, and an extent of occurrence of 172 km². It is restricted to coastal thicket on white sand habitat in Republic of Congo. This habitat is thought to extend along the Atlantic coast from coastal DRC to southern Equatorial Guinea. Despite targetted surveys in this habitat through most of this range especially in Congo, Vepris teva has only been found at three of the more than eight locations studied. These are: (1) Pointe Noire at Point Indienne; (2) Djeno; (3) Tchimpounga. At the first location, the plants are threatened by an extension northward of the port of Pointe Noire to accommodate export of rock phosphate, manganese, iron-ore for which there is currently insufficient port capacity. Plants of Vepris teva are also threatened by cutting of their coastal thicket habitat for charcoal and for clearance for housing. At the second location, plants are threatened by the infrastructure and activities of the Total E&P Congo petro-chemical plant (part of TotalEnergie S.A.), the installation of which appears to have destroyed much of the habitat of Vepris teva at this location. Indirectly, Total, as the major employer at Djeno attracting labour which requires local accommodation, appears to have stimulated an expansion of urbanisation, resulting in Vepris teva habitat being parcelled for sale as house building plots (M Cheek, 2012, personal observations). At Tchimpounga, a reserve created by the Jane Goodall Foundation to protect chimpanzees, Vepris teva uniquely appears protected and secure so long as this venture is supported. In view of the EOO and AOO, and the threats stated, we here assess Vepris teva as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)).

Additional specimens and observations

Republic of Congo, Dept. Kouilou, Tchimpounga, along coast NW of Pointe Noire, about 7 km SE of the Kouilou River Bridge, in the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Sanctuary, fl. 3 December 2011, T. Kami et al.,1356 (IEC, K000875073); Tchimpounga pointe 2 zone ex gorillon, fl. 5 November 2012, Mpandzou et al.,1641 (IEC, K000875078); Tchimpounga, bas-Kouilou, Bois de Singe, st. 6 December 2012; Mpandzou et al.,1754 (IEC, K000875081); Tchimpounga, Point 1 zone de soleil, fl. 2 November 2012, T. Kami et al.,1421 (BR, IEC, K000875083); Tchimpounga, Point 1 zone de soleil, fl. 3 November 2012, T. Kami 1437 et al., (IEC, K000875082); Pointe Noire, Port 8, along coast just northwest of Pointe Noire, near Pointe Indienne, 4° 42′ 46.5″S, 11° 49′ 18.3″E, 10 m elev., fl. 23 November 2011, T. Kami et al.,1227 (holotype K000875074; isotypes EA, IEC, MO, P, US); Pointe Noire, fr. 9 July 2011, Mpandzou et al.,1198 (IEC, K000875072, P); near Pointe Indienne, 24 November 2011, Port Observations 36; ibid. 24 November 2011, Port Observations 61; ibid, 25 November 2011, Port Observations 91; ibid. 26 November 2011, Port Observations 128; 27 November 2011, Port Observations 215; Djeno a côté de Terminal de Djeno, fr. 6 December 2012, Mpandzou et al.,1768 (IEC, K000875077); ibid., fr. 6 December 2012, Mpandzou et al.,1754 (IEC, K000875081); Djeno, near Total refinery, 15 February 2012, Port Observations 309; ibid., 13 July 2011, Port Observations 303.

Notes. We first detected Vepris teva in July 2011, during the dry season environmental impact studies for a proposed new port facility near the major existing port of Pointe Noire, Congo’s principal port and commercial centre. It was provisionally named as ‘Vepris sp. 1 of Pointe Noire,’ and considered likely to be new to science since it matched no other known species of the genus in tropical Africa (Cheek, van der Burgt & Pickering, 2010). Further collections were made in a wet season survey in November and December 2011. These surveys resulted in the discovery of many other rare species, usually previously unknown to science, mainly confined to evergreen thicket on coastal white sand. Consequently, surveys in November–December 2012 were made along the length of the Congolese coastline to map the full national extent of this ecosystem and of its rare and threatened species. It was discovered that unlike many of the coastal thicket species, Vepris teva is restricted to only a small length of the coast, from Djeno in the south to Tchimpounga in the north. At these three sites, wherever coastal thicket on white sand appears, Vepris teva can be fairly frequent. However, when thicket become degraded or damaged, it is no longer present. We believe that our surveys have detected all sites where this species survives in the Republic of Congo. However, it is possible that additional individuals might survive in fragments of original vegetation that were overlooked by us e.g., within the greater area of the city of Pointe Noire, but we consider this unlikely. Also, it is possible that the species might extend to Angola (Cabinda) or southern Gabon which we were not able to visit during the studies referred to in this article. Vepris teva sometimes grows alongside another species of the genus, Vepris africana (formerly Vepris gossweileri). The second species extends into Angola and to S.Tomé (Lachenaud & Onana, 2021). The two species cannot be confused since the first is trifoliolate, while the second is unifoliolate. No Vepris species other than these two have been found in coastal thicket on white sand in Congo.

Our knowledge of the phenology of Vepris teva is restricted to two periods of the year – July (dry season) and November–December (wet season). At both seasons plants were found in both flower and fruit. All flowers collected are monomorphic and have well-developed stamens with pollen, and are therefore supposed to be male. This is supported by our observation that while the fruits (the undoubted products of female flowers) have a 1 mm diam. peltate, discoid stigma, peltate stigmas have not been in any of the flowers which are therefore male. Since Vepris species have been found to be dioecious wherever their reproductive strategies have been studied, we conclude that female flowers remain to be discovered, although female plants (in fruit) have been collected. There is a small possibility that Vepris teva, atypically in the genus, might have hermaphroditic flowers.

Vepris teva grows very slowly from seed. Three plants cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from seed collected in 2011, reached only 15–25 cm tall after 5 years. By March 2020, after 8.5 years, the plants had reached 30–45 cm tall, but none had shown signs of flowering. All three of these plants showed the long petiole of sterile plants, and not the characteristic extremely short petioles of reproductive individuals. Thus, the age of sexual maturity is likely to be at least 10 years in Vepris teva.

Because Vepris teva has a 4-locular syncarpous flower producing a soft fleshy fruit it would formerly have been classified in the monotypic genus Oriciopsis Engl. (Engler, 1931), together with V. glaberrima (Letouzey, 1963b: 79–80). The last species occurs in lowland evergreen forest at the junction of Cameroon, C.A.R. and Gabon and is also a small, sparingly branched shrub. It is conceivable that the two are sister species (see above). Four-locular syncarpous ovaries are also seen in the formerly accepted genera Araliopsis and Toddaliopsis, but in these taxa the fruits are hard. The former occurs in W-C Africa but is a large tree with digitately 5-foliolate leaves, the second a tree of coastal E Africa with a subspiny, “nut-like” fruit.

Vepris teva appears unique and is easily recognisable in the genus and in its habitat because of the combination of long petiolules with extremely short petioles on the fertile stems. The petioles can be so contracted that they are almost invisible, and it then appears that there are three simple, leaves, each on its own petiole (in fact leaflets on petiolules) at each node.

Chimpanzee–mediated seed dispersal.

During field surveys of the vegetation in which Vepris teva occurs, the last author tested the hypothesis that the fruits might conform to the ‘spat seed’ syndrome characteristic of some primate-dispersed plant species (Sengupta, McConkey & Radhakrishna, 2015; Dominy & Duncan, 2005). When the base of a fruit plucked from a shrub is sucked, the pleasantly sweet, watery mesocarp with the seed(s) enters the mouth, the juice can be swallowed, and the slippery seed(s) in their endocarp(s) spat out (Fig. 5).

One of the three known locations for Vepris teva is the Tchimpounga Reserve, co-managed by the Jane Goodall Institute (Jane Goodall Institute, 2018) which focuses on chimpanzee conservation and research of both rescued animals from captivity and hunting, and chimpanzees indigenous to the coastal thicket ecosystem (see below). During field observations for doctoral studies of fruit consumption by chimpanzees from tree species by the second author (2014–2020, Kami, 2021), chimpanzees were observed to seemingly feed on the fruits of this species of Vepris–evidenced by empty pericarps and separated, spat seeds of this species after they had been in the vicinity of the fruiting shrubs. Chimpanzee seed dispersal of Vepris teva seems very likely but more detailed studies are needed to confirm this.