Portanini (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Peru: checklist with new records and descriptions of two new species

Portanini Linnavuori, 1959 is a small tribe of neotropical leafhoppers that includes two genera: Portanus Ball, 1932 and Metacephalus DeLong & Martinson, 1973. Herein, a checklist of portanines from Peru is given, including several new species records for the country, elevating the known diversity from nine to 22 species. In addition, four species have their department ranges expanded in Peru. Two new portanine species are also described: Metacephalus mamaquilla sp. nov. and Portanus tambopata sp. nov. both from Tambopata National Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru and we make available habitus photos of other Portanini species from this reserve.

Included in the subfamily Aphrodinae by Dietrich (2005), Portanini was erected by Linnavuori (1959) as one of the leafhopper tribes restricted to the Neotropical region. Portanines can be recognized by their long and slender bodies; their crown triangularly produced; their ocelli on anterior margin of head, distant from the eyes; and the antennae unusually long (Linnavuori, 1959;. Currently, the tribe include 63 valid species divided into two genera: Portanus Ball, 1932 andMetacephalus DeLong &Martinson, 1973 with 49 and 14 valid species, respectively Souza, Takiya & Felix, 2017;Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2017;Freytag, 2017;Felix et al., 2020). Members of Metacephalus can be distinguished from Portanus by the following set of male features (Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2009): (1) pygofer strongly produced posteriorly, usually with a pair of spiniform processes on posteroventral margin (pygofer slightly produced and with variable posterior margin in Portanus); (2) subgenital plates triangular, without transverse unpigmented line at basal third (subgenital plates with transverse unpigmented line at basal third in Portanus); and (3) connective V-shaped (T-shaped in Portanus).
In this article, a checklist of Portanini from Peru is provided, including eleven new country records, elevating the diversity of known Peruvian portanines from nine to 22 species and four species have their distribution expanded in the country. Additionally, two new species of Portanini from Tambopata National Reserve (Madre de Dios, Peru) are described and illustrated and habitus photos of the 10 Portanini species identified from this reserve are also provided.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens studied are deposited in the following collections: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (MUSM); Coleção Entomológica Prof. José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (DZRJ); and Insect Collection, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign (INHS). Labels of type material are quoted separately, line breaks are indicated by a backslash (\) and additional information given between brackets ([ ]).
For species identification, male genitalia were prepared following Oman (1949), where the abdomen is cleared in 10% KOH hot solution for some minutes and washed for a short time in water. For the female genitalia, the protocol from Zanol (1988) was used, in which the abdomen is cleared in 10% KOH at room temperature for nearly 15 h and washed with distilled water for 15 min. Observation and dissection of genital parts were conducted in glycerin. Structures were observed and photographed with a Leica M205C stereomicroscope equipped with a Leica DFC450 digital camera attached. Photographs at different focal planes were stacked with the software Leica Application Suite and edited in Adobe Photoshop Ò . Studied genital structures were preserved in glycerin within microvials attached to the specimens. Morphological terminology mostly follows Dietrich (2005), while female valvulae terminology follows Hill (1970).
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/. The LSID for this publication is: [urn:lsid:zoobank. org:pub:EEA39E0C-D2C0-494C-B1D7-F7E6B3D818CD]. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central and "CLOCKSS."

Species descriptions
Metacephalus DeLong & Martinson, 1973Metacephalus DeLong & Martinson, 1973  Measurements (mm). Males (n = 13)/females (n = 5): body length, 5.5-6.0/5.9-6.3; crown length, 0.3-0.4/0.4-0.5; transocular width, 1.2-1.3/1.4; interocular width, 0.5-0.6/0.6; maximum pronotum width, 1. 3-1.4/1.4-1.6; forewing length, 4.3-4.9/4.8-5.2. Coloration. Crown mostly orange; apex with pale-yellow macula; anterior third with pair of black Y-shaped macula, each surrounding respective ocellus; posterior two-thirds with pair of short longitudinal parallel pale-yellow stripes; posterior margin with pair of black spots adjacent to eyes. Ocellus red. Face (Figs. 1A and 2A) ivory to pale yellow; lateral margin of frontoclypeus and anteclypeus dark brown; lorum (Figs. 1A and 2A) ivory; gena (Figs. 1A and 2A) mostly light-brown with outer margin pale yellow. Pronotum dark brown, with several ivory spots. Mesonotum orange; anterior margin and pair of lateral triangular maculae dark brown; short pale-yellow stripe on anterior half. Scutellum orange. Forewing (Figs. 1B and 2B) translucent brown; clavus with slender line along anal margin, large spot connected to line at apex of first anal vein and another at base, orange, additionally, three large dark-brown elongate maculae adjacent to orange longitudinal line; corium with slender brown line adjacent to claval suture, with three dark-brown maculae near costal margin: first small, near base, second forming broad oblique band extending close to Cu vein, and third forming oblique narrower band extending to base of inner anteapical cell. Thoracic venter ivory. Profemur with two large brown maculae, one larger at middle third and one smaller at apex; protibia pale yellow on dorsal surface and dark brown on ventral surface, setae dark brown; mesofemur with large brown subapical macula, mesotibia similar to protibia; metafemur pale yellow with slender brown stripe on dorsal surface, apex orange; metatibia pale yellow with brown Description. Head (Figs. 1A and 2A), in dorsal view, with anterior margin rounded; crown median length approximately half to eight-tenths of interocular width and three to four-tenths of transocular width; lateral frontal suture reaching ocellus; epicranial suture not extended to imaginary transverse line between ocelli; texture shagreen. Pronotum slightly wider than head; lateral margin angulate; dorsolateral carina conspicuous and complete; posterior margin straight; texture smooth. Mesonotum shagreen. Forewing (Figs. 1B and 2B) with distinct venation; three closed anteapical cells. Metatibia with rows AD and PD both with 10-11 long cucullate setae intercalated by 0-3 shorter cucullate setae; tibia apex with three platellae between pair of outer slightly longer cucullate setae; first tarsomere slightly longer than combined length of second and third; tarsomeres posterior margin with three, two, and zero platellae, respectively, between pair of outer slightly longer setae.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 1C), in lateral view, longer than high; subrectangular; posterior margin acute; with few macrosetae distributed near dorsal margin and at apex; posteroventral margin with slender and acute ventral process turned dorsally. Valve (Fig. 1D), in ventral view, about three times wider than long; posterior margin sinuous. Subgenital plate (Fig. 1D) extending slightly beyond apex of pygofer; slightly upturned; in ventral view, surface with 11-14 robust macrosetae mostly uniseriate (some specimens have one or two additional macrosetae not aligned) and fine long microsetae. Connective (Fig. 1E), in dorsal view, Y-shaped; apex fuzed with aedeagus preatrium. Style (Figs. 1E and 1F) with apodeme (basal portion anterad of connective articulation) one-fifth of total length; apical fifth enlarged and appearing bifid due to elongate and robust preapical lobe; preapical lobe with few fine microsetae; preapical region sculptured; apex acute and curved outwards, bearing robust spine. Aedeagus (Figs. 1G-1I) with long preatrium; dorsal apodeme well developed, long and narrow; shaft tubular; apex with pair of long and slender divergent processes curved posteroventrally with apices acute. Anal tube segment X ( Fig. 1C) with base conical and remainder tubular; with dentiform microsculpturing throughout.
Remarks. Metacephalus mamaquilla sp. nov. is similar to Metacephalus facetus (Kramer, 1961) and Metacephalus sakakibarai (Souza, Takiya & Felix, 2017) in the aspect of the paired apical aedeagus processes, which are long and divergent in caudal view. However, the new species can be distinguished from all other Metacephalus species by the following characteristics: (1) male pygofer (Fig. 1C) with posterior margin acute and preapical acute ventral process turned dorsally; and (2) aedeagus ( Fig. 1G-1I) with shaft apex curved dorsally with pair of long, narrow and divergent processes curved posteroventrally.
Etymology. The species epithet is a homage to the Inca goddess Mama Quilla, considered a defender of women. The species epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.  Diagnosis. Male pygofer (Fig. 3C), in lateral view, subtriangular; posterior margin truncate, with small dorsal teeth and subquadrate ventral lobe bearing slender and acute process directed posteriorly. Aedeagus (Figs. 3H-3J) preatrium slightly sinuous; shaft enlarged at base, narrowing towards apex; apex with single bifurcated process turned ventrally, sinuous and with apices turned outwards, resembling an anchor (Fig. 3I).
Male anal tube (Figs. 3C and 3K) segment X with pair of small, lateral, strongly sclerotized toothed lobes at middle third. Female sternite VII (Fig. 4C) approximately rectangular; posterior margin with prominent rounded median lobe.   with three closed anteapical cells, median anteapical cell slightly longer than others. Metatibia with row AD with 9-11 long cucullate setae intercalated by 3-4 shorter setae; PD row with 10 very long cucullate setae intercalated by one smaller long cucullate seta. First tarsomere slightly longer than combined length of second and third; tarsomeres posterior margin with three, two, and zero platellae, respectively, between pair of outer slightly longer setae.
Male genitalia. Pygofer (Fig. 3C), in lateral view, slightly longer than high; subtriangular; posterior margin truncate, with small dorsal teeth and subquadrate ventral lobe bearing slender and acute process directed posteriorly; macrosetae distributed at median portion dorsally; microsetae at apex. Valve (Fig. 3E), in ventral view, oblong; wider than long; anterior and posterior margin convex. Subgenital plate (Figs. 3D and 3E) extending posteriorly farther than pygofer apex; apical third upturned; in ventral view, basal third with transverse unpigmented line; surface with 5-6 robust macrosetae uniseriate and many long and fine microsetae at apical half. Connective (Fig. 3F), in dorsal view, Y-shaped; anterior margin with short median basiventral triangular projection; apex truncate. Style (Figs. 3F and 3G) with apodeme (basal portion anterad of connective articulation) long, one-third of total length; apical third widened with preapical lobe elongate and robust; apex truncated with digitiform process; in lateral view, subcylindrical and sinuous. Aedeagus (Figs. 3H-3J) with long and slightly sinuous preatrium; dorsal apodeme not so sclerotized; shaft wider at base, narrowing towards apex; apex with single bifurcated process directed ventrally, with rami sinuous, half-length of shaft, with apices turned outwardly, resembling an anchor. Anal tube segment X (Figs. 3C and 3K) subcylindrical; as long as pygofer; with few denticles on ventral margin at base; with pair of small lateral, strongly sclerotized, toothed lobes at median third.
Remarks. Portanus tambopata sp. nov. is very similar to Portanus bifurcus Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2017, both species sharing: (1) a similar color pattern; and (2) posterior margin of male pygofer truncate with ventral lobe. However, the new species can be distinguished from the latter and other Portanus species by its posterior margin of male pygofer lobe with subquadrate ventral lobe bearing a long and slender process directed posterodorsally (Fig. 3C) (in P. bifurcus, posterior margin of male pygofer lobe with ventral lobe acute without slender process) and aedeagus apex with single bifurcated process directed ventrally, with rami apices turned outwardly like an anchor (Figs. 3H-3J) (in P. bifurcus aedeagus apex has pair of bifurcated processes, which have apices directed ventrally).
Etymology. The species epithet is a reference to Tambopata National Reserve, area from where the type series was collected. The species epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.

CONCLUSIONS
This study adds to the knowledge of leafhoppers from the Neotropical region. It more than doubles the number of portanine leafhoppers recorded from Peru with the description of new species, new records, and habitus photos of Portanini specimens.
Our results indicate the necessity of more taxonomic studies to better document the biodiversity from this megadiverse leafhopper region.

Supplemental Information
Supplemental information for this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/ peerj.10222#supplemental-information.